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Wednesday, June 18th, 2008 周三， 2008年6月18日

Socialist Worker社会主义工人 | Our rulers can’t fool all of the people all of the time, argues Sadie Robinson. |我们的统治者不能愚弄全体人民的所有的时间，辩称莎迪罗宾逊。 The idea that the mass media controls our ideas is a very common one.设想，即大众传播媒介的管制我们的想法是非常常见的一。 According to this theory, the media acts as a kind of syringe that injects propaganda directly into our minds.根据这一理论，媒体作为一个种注射器认为，注资的宣传，直接融入我们的心中。

People are seen as sheep that follow the media more or less unthinkingly.人被看作是羊说，按照媒体更多或更少不假思索地。 The conclusion is that we are powerless in the face of mass propaganda that brainwashes us into compliance.结论是，我们无能为力，在面对大规模的宣传brainwashes我们遵守。

This view of the media does not just exist at the margins of society.这一观点的媒体不只是存在于社会的边缘。 It’s also a dominant idea within mainstream politics.这也是一个主导思想，与主流政治。 Leading figures in all the main political parties see winning over the mass media as the key to winning elections – rather than having decent policies that ordinary people could support.领导人物在所有主要政党见赢得大众传媒作为赢得市场竞争的关键选举-而不是体面的政策，普通百姓可以支持。

The notion that the media is all-powerful is also used to write off any sense that people can fight back against the system, or that they can be won away from racist or sexist ideas.概念，即媒体是所有强大的，也是用来注销任何意义，人们可以反击系统，或他们能够赢得远离种族主义或性别歧视的想法。

All this raises two questions.这一切引起了两个问题。 Who actually controls the mass media?究竟是谁控制了传媒？ And how much impact does it really have on the ideas people hold?和多大影响，是否真的有对思想的人举行？

Under capitalism the mass media is owned by a handful of rich and powerful people that form part of the “ruling class” – the tiny number of people at the top of society who own the factories, offices and other workplaces.根据资本主义的大众传播媒介是国有由少数富国和强国的人民组成部分的“统治阶级” -极少数人在顶部的社会谁自己的工厂，办事处及其他工作场所。

Rupert Murdoch, for instance, owns over 175 print publications across the world, including the Sun, the Times and the News of the World here in Britain.默多克，举例来说，拥有超过175印刷出版物在世界各地，包括太阳，时代和世界新闻报在这里在英国。

Status quo 现状

The ruling class has a clear interest in promoting ideas that justify the status quo and endorse the global system that it benefits from.统治阶级有一个明确的利益，在促进想法的理由的现状和赞同的全球系统，它的好处。 That is why there are so many clear instances of the mass media pushing propaganda on behalf of the bosses.这就是为什么有这么多明确的实例，对大众媒体的宣传推动的名义老板。

In 2002 and 2003, when Britain and the US were preparing to wage war on Iraq, the Sun newspaper gave pages over to detailing how Saddam Hussein’s alleged “weapons of mass destruction” could hit British troops in Cyprus within 45 minutes of being fired.在2002年和2003年，当英国和美国准备发动战争，在伊拉克问题上，太阳报的页面超过了以详细说明如何萨达姆的所谓“大规模杀伤性武器”可以击中英军士兵在塞浦路斯的45分钟内被解雇。

It either ignored or attacked anti-war activists and provided “support our boys” posters for readers to display in their windows.它要么被忽视或攻击反战活动家和提供“支持我们的男孩”的海报，为读者展示在他们的Windows 。

But media bias towards the ruling class can also be seen in less extreme times.但媒体偏重于统治阶级也可以看到，在不到极端的时代。 After the National Union of Teachers (NUT) conference earlier this year sections of the media ran hysterical articles condemning the teachers’ decision to strike over pay and conditions.之后，全国联盟教师（螺母）会议今年早些时候，部分媒体然歇斯底里的文章，谴责教师的决定罢工的薪酬及服务条件。

The Daily Telegraph declared that it was “time to crush the NUT like the miners” – referring to the Miners’ Strike of 1984-85.每日电讯报宣布，它是“时间粉碎螺母一样，矿工” -指的矿工罢工， 1 984年至1 985年。

This bias goes wider than simply attacking strikers or building support for war.这种偏见云更广泛的不仅仅是攻击前锋或建设支持的战争。 The mass media operates within an ideological framework that accepts and promotes the dominant ideas in society – such as the idea that capitalism is the only way to organise society.传媒运作的思想框架，接受和促进主导思想在社会上-如思想，资本主义是唯一的出路举办的社会。

The bias does not exist only in the openly right wing media, but also in media outlets that pride themselves on being “neutral” or “liberal”.偏见是不存在的，只有在公开的右翼媒体，而且在媒体表示，自己就感到自豪“中性”或“自由” 。

The Guardian newspaper recently ran a week-long series of articles on the global food crisis.卫报最近然长达一周的系列文章，对全球的粮食危机。 This was presented as in-depth, serious analysis.这是作为在深入，认真的分析。 Yet it reiterated some of the worst myths about the food crisis, myths that would rather blame the Chinese for eating too much meat than suggest there might be something wrong with the free market.但它重申了一些最严重的神话，关于粮食危机，神话会，而不是责怪中国人吃太多的肉类，比建议可能会有一些错误的，与自由市场。

The revolutionaries Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote in the 19th century that “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas”.革命家马克思和恩格斯，冯检写道，在19世纪“的思想统治阶级是在每一个划时代的执政理念” 。 But this doesn’t arise out of some kind of shady conspiracy within the ruling class.不过，这并不产生于某种不可告人的阴谋统治阶级。

It’s true that owners sometimes intervene directly in the running of their media franchises.它的真正的业主，有时直接介入，在运行他们的媒体的专营权。 Murdoch is well known for regularly intervening in the editorial decisions of the Sun newspaper.默多克是人所共知的定期干预在社论的决定太阳报。

In May this year Murdoch was asked if he had anything to do with the New York Post’s support for Barack Obama in the US Democratic presidential run off.在今年5月，默多克有人问如果他有什么事都与纽约邮报的支持巴拉克奥巴马在美国民主党总统运行小康。 He answered simply, “Yes.”他回答说，简单来说， “是” 。

Assumptions 假设

But for the most part owners rely on well-paid senior managers and editors who are closely tied to the capitalist class and so share their assumptions and ideas about the world.但对于大部份业主依赖于良好的支付高级管理人员和编辑人员谁是紧密联系在一起的资产阶级等分享他们的假设和想法，关于世界。

If the mass media is owned by an elite that tries to use it to back up their system, how do we explain political differences in the message put out by different media outlets?如果大众媒体所拥有的精英试图用它来支持他们的系统，我们如何解释，政治上的分歧在邮件中提出不同的媒体？ The point here is that the ruling class is not a homogenous group.这一点在这里是统治阶级，是不是一个同质组。 There are divisions within it – and the media reflects these.有分歧-和媒体反映了这些。

The Daily Mirror’s stance in the run up to the Iraq war is a good example of this.每日镜报的立场，在运行到伊拉克战争就是一个很好的例子。 It took an anti-war position in the context of divisions among the ruling class and an unprecedented mass movement against the war.它采取了反战的立场，语境中的分歧统治阶级和前所未有的群众运动，反对这场战争。 So it reflected the fact that the ruling class was divided – but it also knew that there was an audience for an anti-war newspaper.因此，它反映了一个事实，就是统治阶级的划分-但它也知道有一个观众一反战报纸。

The profit motive can sometimes pull the mass media in different directions and make it appear that it is posing a challenge to the dominant ideology.利润动机，有时可以拉大众传媒在不同的方向，使它出现，这是假扮的一个挑战占主导地位的思想。

For instance, the Daily Mail has recently run several front pages on the rising cost of living in Britain.举例来说，每日邮报最近已运行几个头版对成本上升，居住在英国。 These rising costs are real.这些成本上涨是真实的。 But the Daily Mail’s explanation for them is one that diverts people’s anger away from the bosses and towards immigrants.但每日邮报的解释为他们是一个转移人民的愤怒，远离老板和对移民。

Although the ruling class owns the mass media, it does not always completely control it.虽然统治阶级拥有大众传播媒介，它并不总是完全控制它。

The media needs workers to get produced in the first place.媒体的需要，工人获得生产摆在首位。 And media workers can and have refused to produce some of the worst excesses of racism and anti-union propaganda.和传媒工作者，可以和拒绝出示一些最严重的过度的种族主义和反工会的宣传。

In 2006, workers at the Daily Star prevented the printing of an anti-Muslim page titled, “How Britain’s fave newspaper would look under Muslim rule.” Planned features included “Burqa Babes” and a “censored” editorial.在2006年，工人在每日星报防止印刷一反穆斯林的网页标题为“如何英国的fave报纸会研究下，穆斯林统治。 ”计划的特点包括“布卡babes ”和“截尾”的社论。

Workers in the National Union of Journalists called an emergency meeting and forced the Daily Star management to pull the page.工人在全国记者协会呼吁召开紧急会议，并强迫每日星报管理，以拉页。

Similarly, during the Miners’ Strike printers at the Sun refused to print a front page of miners’ leader Arthur Scargill that made him look as if he was giving a Nazi salute.同样，在矿工罢工的打印机在孙拒绝打印的头版矿工领袖阿瑟斯卡吉尔了他的样子，如果他给纳粹敬礼。

How much notice do people really take of the mass media?多少通知，做人民真正的大众传媒？ It is certainly important as a major source of information and news for many people.它固然重要，作为一个主要的信息来源和新闻对很多人来说。

So it isn’t true to suggest that the media has no influence on people’s ideas.所以这是不正确的建议，媒体没有影响人们的思想。 But the way our ideas are shaped by the media is much more complex than the simplistic “syringe” theory.但我们的思想方式，形成由媒体是更为复杂比简单的“注射器”的理论。

Our consciousness is shaped by our experiences of the world.我们的意识是塑造我们的经验世界。 Marx and Engels argued, “Consciousness does not determine life, but life consciousness.” People’s ideas are shaped by the material reality of their lives.马克思和恩格斯认为， “意识并不确定的生命，但生命意识” 。人们的思想正在形成的物质的现实，他们的生命。

The majority of people that the mass media is sold and marketed to are working class.大多数人认为，大众传媒是出售和销售，是工人阶级的。 There is a huge gulf between the reality of their lives and the dominant ideology of capitalism.有是一个巨大的海湾之间的现实，他们的生命和主导思想，资本主义的特点。 That gap can open up a space for that ideology to be questioned, challenged or rejected.这种差距可以打开了一个空间，即思想受到质疑，质疑或拒绝。

In the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, 96 people were killed after police allowed too many Liverpool football fans into overcrowded terraces.在1989年（ Hillsborough灾害， 96人被杀害后，警方允许太多的利物浦球迷到拥挤的梯田。

The Sun newspaper ran a front page condemning the fans, claiming that they were drunken hooligans who stole from the dead.太阳报然的头版谴责球迷，声称他们被醉酒流氓谁偷走从死里复活。 In fact the fans were key to helping the injured.事实上，球迷们的关键，帮助受伤。

The scandal of the Sun’s coverage led to a boycott of the paper by newsagents across Liverpool.丑闻太阳的覆盖面，导致抵制该文件是由报纸全国利物浦。 Sales plummeted and have never recovered.销售额大幅下滑，并已再也没有恢复过来。 In 2004, the average circulation for the Sun in Liverpool was 12,000 copies a day – 200,000 less than before it printed the Hillsborough story.在2004年，平均流通的太阳在利物浦是12000份，每天-2 00000少于前印（ H illsborough的故事。

Yet the dominant ideology remains and is promoted not just by the media, but by all of the major institutions in our society – including the education system and the legal system.然而，占主导地位的意识形态仍然是推动不只是媒体，而是由所有主要机构在我们的社会-包括教育体制和法律制度。

This leads to a situation where people hold contradictory ideas.这导致的情况下，人们持有矛盾的想法。 People can have anti-immigrant opinions, but also support anti-deportation campaigns that involve someone they know personally.人可以有反移民的意见，但也支持反驱逐运动涉及有人知道他们的个人。

Although people may reject obvious propaganda in the media, over time it can have an impact in generating racist or sexist assumptions.虽然人们可能会拒绝明显的宣传在媒体上，随着时间的推移，它可以有一定的影响，在发电的种族主义或性别歧视的假设。 The mass media can reinforce backward ideas and it’s important that we challenge this.大众传媒可以加强落后思想和它的重要的是，我们的挑战。

But the mass media is not the fundamental reason why bigotry persists.但大众媒体不是根本的原因，偏执的坚持。 Racism and sexism exist because of the kind of society that we live in.种族主义和性别歧视的存在，因为该种社会，我们生活英寸

Ideology 思想

They form part of the dominant ideology of our society because the ruling class uses such ideas to divide and weaken the working class – and thereby preserve ruling class power.他们的组成部分的主导思想，我们的社会，因为统治阶级的用途，例如思想分化和削弱工人阶级-从而维护统治阶级的权力。

Faced with ruling class bias in the mass media, many people turn to “alternative” sources of media.面对统治阶级的偏见在大众媒体上，很多人谈“另类”来源的媒体。 This is a positive development.这是一个积极的事态发展。 Anti-war websites or other alternative media outlets can give people the facts and figures to argue their case with others.反战的网站或其他媒体可以给人民的事实和数字，辩称他们的情况与他人。 They can increase their understanding of the world and their confidence to fight back.他们可以增加他们了解世界和他们的信心，以反击。

Revolutionaries have always seen producing socialist newspapers such as Socialist Worker as important.革命家，始终看到生产社会主义报纸，如社会主义工人作为重要的。

But we recognise that these papers should do more than challenge the ideology of the ruling class – they should act as a tool for organising the struggle against the system.但我们认识到这些文件，应该做多挑战是统治阶级的思想-他们应作为一个工具，用以举办斗争的制度。

The Russian revolutionary Lenin described the revolutionary paper as the “scaffolding” around which a revolutionary organisation is built.俄罗斯的革命，列宁所描述的革命文件作为“棚架”围绕一个革命性的组织是建立在。 The scaffolding is clearly important.棚架，显然是重要的。 But it is there for a reason – to build up networks and organisation of people on the ground who can take on the system.但它的存在的原因只有一个-建立网络和组织的人在地面上谁可以采取在系统上。

Research has found that the mass media has the biggest impact on those with no political affiliation.研究发现，大众传媒的影响最大对那些没有政治背景。 The mass media is most powerful when people are politically passive.大众媒体是最强大的当人们在政治上的被动。 Building resistance to capitalism can lead millions to question dominant ideas – and can see the power of that mass media melt away.建设抵抗资本主义可以导致数百万人的问题，主导思想-和可以看到的权力，认为大众传播媒介融化消失。

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