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5月30日水曜日のTh 2007年

あなた自身の現実を作成しなさいか。 露出される潜在意識の秘密 決して再度にあってはいけない! 知るために仮定されない何を

明らかにされる: 主が軍隊の責任者に法的保護抑留者に`の」十分に否定するようにいかにGoldsmith助言したか

ロバートVerkaik著、法律の編集者

出版される: 2007年5月29日

司法長官のGoldsmith主、表面仕上げの告発であり、彼が兵士が阻止するとき人権の行為によって区切られなかった軍隊を言ったことイラクの囚人を引き留め、質問する。

戦争の開始が提案したGoldsmith's後イラクのロンドンとイギリスの軍司令部間の独立者が、すぐに見た前に機密の電子メールは主の助言囚人を扱うとき「実用的な」アプローチを採用することであり、人権の行為の保護の」高水準」に続くことは必要ではなかった。

それは、人権弁護士に従って、人権の行為を単に無視し、ジュネーブ協定を観察するように軍隊に助言している司法長官にほとんど等しかった。 それは高水準を会うようにせき立てたイラクの軍隊の年長弁護士が与えた助言にまた反対だった。

今日、国際法の権利のグループそして専門家は政府でイギリスの兵士によってイラク人の濫用の文化の作成を助けたかもしれない言う主の法律専門家の意見を表わすためにGoldsmith's呼ぶ。

先月、戦争犯罪につき有罪と決定された最初のイギリスの兵士は1年間拘留され、軍隊からイラクの一般市民の、イギリスの兵士のせいで彼の傷害で死んだホテルの労働者を含むBaha Mousa酷使につき有罪と決定されることの後で退去した。 2005年に、3人のイギリスの兵士は「トロフィ」の写真の後でドイツの軍法会議によって現れ拘留され、Camp Breadのバスケットと呼ばれた援助の中心で濫用されているイラクの抑留者を示す。 権利のグループが法的要求のために準備する濫用の約60のより多くの主張がある。

先週、人権の議会の共同委員会は政府にBaha Mousaの軍法会議の苦悶の証拠について「説明を」頼むために書いた。

アンドリューDismore MPの委員会の椅子は、言った: 「私達は国防省に非人間的の使用についての私達の委員会に示される証拠の硬直した不一致のようで、1972年ずっと昔に禁止される低下の質問の技術」。ものが説明するように頼んだ

But emails sent just after the invasion indicate Lord Goldsmith’s belief that British soldiers in Iraq were not bound by the Human Rights Act. The documents also show a wide differing of opinion between him and Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Mercer, the Army’s most senior legal adviser on the ground, who wrote to say he felt “the ECHR would apply” to troops in Iraq.

On one occasion, Rachel Quick, the legal adviser to Permanent Joint Headquarters who had regularly sought and been given guidance from Lord Goldsmith on the treatment of Iraqi prisoners, wrote to Colonel Mercer giving her interpretation of the Attorney General’s advice. His view, she said, “was that the HRA was only intended to protect rights conferred by the Convention and must look to international law to determine the scope of those rights”.

Ms Quick went on say that the advice of the Attorney General, supported by Professor Christopher Greenwood [the barrister who advised Lord Goldsmith on the legality of the war], was that, in the circumstances, the HRA did not apply. “For your purposes,” she wrote, “I would suggest this means no requirement for you to provide guidance on the application of the HRA. I hope this is clear.”

Ms Quick, who in November 2003, was appointed OBE, added: “With regard to the detention of civilians - I will look at your documents in more detail and discuss with FCO, MoD legal advisers. Although my initial thoughts are you are trying to introduce UK procedures to a Geneva Convention IV context. Whilst this may be the perfect solution it may not be the pragmatic solution. Again we raised this issue with the AG and got a helpful steer on the procedures. I’ll aim to try to produce guidance, taking into account their advice on the detention of civilians.”

Such were the concerns of legal advisers on the ground over the Attorney General’s views that the MoD arranged for the senior legal adviser at the Foreign Office, Gavin Hood, to visit Permanent Joint Headquarters to settle any worries. Crucially, the emails make clear Lord Goldsmith’s legal opinion was not shared by Colonel Mercer, who contacted his superiors in London to ask for guidance after he had witnessed the hooding of 40 Iraqis at a British PoW camp in March. The men were all forced to kneel in the sun and had their hands cuffed behind their backs. Worried this could leave the soldiers vulnerable to prosecutions, he told the MoD that in his view soldiers should behave in accordance with the “higher standard” of the Human Rights Act.

But the response from the military’s Permanent Joint Headquarters in Qatar was that Lord Goldsmith had told the MoD the human rights law did not apply and soldiers should simply observe the Geneva Conventions.

When Colonel Mercer said he disagreed with the Government’s most senior law officer he was told that “perhaps you should put yourself up as the next Attorney General”. Colonel Mercer also asked for a British judge to be flown out to oversee the procedures for the detention of Iraqi prisoners, but this also was blocked at a high level.

Colonel Mercer’s interpretation of the law has since proved correct. Thirty months after he first raised his concerns during the Iraq conflict, the Court of Appeal ruled that British soldiers were bound by the Human Rights Act, which bans torture or degrading of prisoners.

The emails, part of court documents being prepared to support a judicial review in the High Court this year, reveal considerable disquiet among the military about the Attorney General’s advice.

The documents show that as early as March 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross had begun investigating complaints of possible war crimes by British soldiers at the same PoW camp in south-east Iraq that had prompted Colonel Mercer’s original intervention. The Government was so worried about this that it flew out a political adviser from London to address the Red Cross’s concerns about hooding and other practices.

International law

* Torture is defined by international law as any threat or use of severe pain, physical or mental, against an individual with the intention of obtaining a confession or other information. Under the UN Convention Against Torture, 40 states - including Britain - have agreed not to engage in such practices.

During military conflict the third and fourth Geneva Conventions protect prisoners of war and civilians who are held by soldiers. Torture is also defined as a war crime by the International Criminal Court, which describes it as the unlawful infliction of severe pain.

Many of the incidents of abuse committed by British soldiers on Iraqi civilians may fall outside the strict definition of torture under international law.

But under the European Convention of Human Rights, incorporated in the Human Rights Act 1998, there is no requirement that the threat or use of pain should be severe for an act to fall foul of the law.

Lord Goldsmith argued that because UK forces did not have full control of Iraq, the country was not part of its jurisdiction and therefore the Human Rights Act did not apply. He lost this argument when the Court of Appeal ruled that Iraqi civilians held in custody and the soldiers detaining them were subject to the Human Rights Act. The case is to be settled later this year by the House of Lords. If the Government loses then it is expected that full and independent inquiries will be held into the deaths, disappearances and torture of Iraqis by British soldiers.

Have Your Say: Human rights in Iraq: a case to answer
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This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 30th, 2007 at 5:14 am and is filed under Human Rights . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

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