Saturday, April 26th, 2008 周六， 2008年4月26日 
By通过 John Vidal 约翰维达尔 |
The worldwide effort by supermarkets and industry to replace conventional oil-based plastic with eco-friendly “bioplastics” made from plants is causing environmental problems and consumer confusion, according to a Guardian study.世界范围内的努力，超级市场和产业取代传统的油基塑料与生态友好“生物塑料”从植物中是造成环境问题和消费者混淆，根据监护人的研究。
The substitutes can increase emissions of greenhouse gases on landfill sites, some need high temperatures to decompose and others cannot be recycled in Britain.该替代品可以增加温室气体的排放对堆填区，有些需要高温分解及别人不能循环再造的在英国。
Many of the bioplastics are also contributing to the global food crisis by taking over large areas of land previously used to grow crops for human consumption.很多的生物塑料也有助于全球的粮食危机，采取大面积的土地，以前用于种植作物供人食用。
The market for bioplastics, which are made from maize, sugarcane, wheat and other crops, is growing by 20-30% a year.市场生物塑料，它是由玉米，甘蔗，小麦和其他作物，是由日益增长的20-30 ％的一年。
The industry, which uses words such as “sustainable”, “biodegradeable”, “compostable” and “recyclable” to describe its products, says bioplastics make carbon savings of 30-80% compared with conventional oil-based plastics and can extend the shelf-life of food.业界，它使用的词语，如“可持续” ， “ biodegradeable ” ， “堆肥”和“循环再造”来形容它的产品，说，生物塑料，使碳节省30-80 ％相比，与传统的石油为基础的塑料和可以延长货架-生命的食物。
Concern centres on corn-based packaging made with polylactic acid (Pla).关注的中心，对玉米为基础的包装与聚乳酸（ PLA ） 。 Made from GM crops, it looks identical to conventional polyethylene terephthalate (Pet) plastic and is produced by US company NatureWorks.从转基因作物，看来相同的常规聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（ PET ）检查和塑料是由美国公司natureworks 。 The company is jointly owned by Cargill, the world’s second largest biofuel producer, and Teijin, one of the world’s largest plastic manufacturers.该公司是共同拥有的嘉吉公司，世界第二大生物燃料的生产者，帝人之一，世界上最大的塑料制造商。
Pla is used by some of the biggest supermarkets and food companies, including Wal-Mart, McDonald’s and Del Monte.解放军是所用的一些最大的超级市场和食品公司，包括沃尔玛，麦当劳和Del Monte的。 It is used by Marks & Spencer to package organic foods, salads, snacks, desserts, and fruit and vegetables.这是所用的Marks ＆ Spencer的包装有机食品，沙拉，点心，甜品，以及水果和蔬菜。
It is also used to bottle Belu mineral water, which is endorsed by environmentalists because the brand’s owners invest all profits in water projects in poor countries.它也可以用于贝鲁一瓶矿泉水，这是通过环保，因为该品牌的所有业主投资的利润在水利工程中，在贫穷国家。 Wal-Mart has said it plans to use 114m Pla containers over the course of a year.沃尔玛已表示它计划使用114米解放军货柜的过程中1年。
While Pla is said to offer more disposal options, the Guardian has found that it will barely break down on landfill sites, and can only be composted in the handful of anaerobic digesters which exist in Britain, but which do not take any packaging.而解放军是说，提供更多的处置方案，监护人发现它会勉强打破对堆填区，并且只能制成堆肥，在少数厌氧沼气池，其中存在于英国，但不采取任何包装。 In addition, if Pla is sent to UK recycling works in large quantities, it can contaminate the waste stream, reportedly making other recycled plastics unsaleable.此外，如果解放军是送往英国再造工程，在大量，它可以污染的废物流，据报道，作出其他再生塑料unsaleable 。
Last year Innocent drinks stopped using Pla because commercial composting was “not yet a mainstream option” in the UK.去年无辜的饮品停止使用，因为解放军的商业堆肥是“尚未成为主流的选择”在英国。
Anson, one of Britain’s largest suppliers of plastic food packaging, switched back to conventional plastic after testing Pla陈方安生，其中英国最大的供应商，塑料食品包装，转回到传统的塑料测试后，解放军
in sandwich packs.在夹心包。 Sainsbury’s has decided not to use it, saying Pla is made with GM corn.塞恩斯伯里的已决定不使用它，说解放军是与转基因玉米。 “No local authority is collecting compostable packaging at the moment. “没有地方当局正在收集堆肥的包装，收于11.942美元。 Composters do not want it,” a spokesman said.堆肥不想它， “一位发言人说。
Britain’s supermarkets compete to claim the greatest commitment to the environment with plant-based products.英国的超级市场竞争，要求最大的保护环境的承诺与植物为基础的产品。 The bioplastics industry expects rising oil prices to help it compete with conventional plastics, with Europe using about 50,000 tonnes of bioplastics a year.该生物塑料业预计石油价格上涨，以帮助它竞争，与传统的塑料，与欧洲使用的约5.0万吨的生物塑料一年。
Concern is mounting because the new generation of biodegradable plastics ends up on landfill sites, where they degrade without oxygen, releasing methane, a greenhouse gas 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.令人关注的是越来越多，因为新一代的生物降解塑料结束了对堆填区，他们在那里降解，没有氧气，释放出甲烷，温室气体的23倍，更强大的比二氧化碳。 This week the US national oceanic and atmospheric administration reported a sharp increase in global methane emissions last year.这个星期，美国国家海洋和大气管理局的报告大幅增加在全球甲烷排放量去年。
“It is just not possible to capture all the methane from landfill sites,” said Michael Warhurt, resources campaigner at Friends of the Earth. “这是刚才不可能捕获所有甲烷垃圾填埋场，说： ”迈克尔warhurt ，资源运动在地球之友。 “A significant percentage leaks to the atmosphere.” “一个重要的百分比泄漏到大气中” 。
“Just because it’s biodegradable does not mean it’s good. “只是因为它的可生物降解，并不意味着它的好。 If it goes to landfill it breaks down to methane.如果这是不言而喻堆填区，它分解甲烷。 Only a percentage is captured,” said Peter Skelton of Wrap, the UK government-funded Waste and Resources Action Programme.只有一个百分比是被俘， “彼得说： skelton总结，英国政府资助的废物和资源的行动方案。 “In theory bioplastics are good. “在理论的生物塑料是好的。 But in practice there are lots of barriers.”但在实践中有很多的障碍“ 。
Recycling companies said they would have to invest in expensive new equipment to extract bioplastic from waste for recycling.回收公司表示，他们将要投资于昂贵的新设备，以提取bioplastic从废物循环再造。 “If we could identify them the only option would be to landfill them,” said one recycler who asked to remain anonymous. “如果我们能确定他们唯一的选择将是堆填区，他们表示， ”一回收再利用谁要求保持匿名。 “They are not wanted by UK recycling companies or local authorities who refuse to handle them. “他们是不会因此而被通缉，由英国回收公司或地方当局谁拒绝处理他们。 Councils are saying they do not want plastics near food collection.议会说，他们不想塑料附近的食物收集。 If these biodegradable [products] get into the recycling stream they contaminate it.如果这些生物降解[产品介绍]进入循环流它们污染。
“It will get worse because the government is encouraging more recycling. “这将进一步恶化，因为政府是鼓励更多的循环再造。 There will be much more bioplastic around.”会有更多的bioplastic左右“ 。
Problems arise because some bioplastics are “home” compostable and recyclable.出现问题，因为有些生物塑料是“家” ，堆肥及可循环再造的。 “It’s so confusing that a Pla bottle looks exactly the same as a standard Pet bottle,” Skelton said. “这使混乱解放军一瓶看起来完全一样，一个标准的PET瓶， ” skelton说。 “The consumer is not a polymer expert. “消费者是不是一个聚合物专家。 Not nearly enough consideration has gone into what they are meant to do with them.几乎没有足够的考虑，已投入什么，他们的意思这样做与他们。 Everything is just put in the recycling bin.”一切只是提出，在回收的垃圾桶。 “
Yesterday NatureWorks accepted that its products would not fully break down on landfill sites.昨天natureworks接受其产品不会完全破裂，对堆填区。 “The recycling industry in the UK has not caught up with other countries” said Snehal Desai, chief marketing officer for NatureWorks. “循环再造业，在英国并没有赶上与其他国家说： ” snehal德赛，首席营销官natureworks 。 “We need alternatives to oil. “我们需要替代石油。 UK industry should not resist change.英国工业界不应抗拒改变。 We should be designing for the future and not the past.我们应该设计为未来而不是过去。 In central Europe, Taiwan and elsewhere, NatureWorks polymer is widely accepted as a compostable material.”位于中环的欧洲，台湾和其他地方， natureworks聚合物被广泛接受，作为堆肥的材料“ 。
Other users said it was too soon to judge the new technology.其他用户说，这是太早来判断新技术。 “It’s very early days,” said Reed Paget, managing director of Belu. “这是很早就天，说： ”芦苇paget ，董事总经理贝鲁。 “The UK packaging industry does not want competition. “英国包装业不希望竞争。 It’s shortsighted and is blocking eco-innovation.” Belu collects its bottles and now sends them to mainland Europe.它的短视，是阻碍生态创新“ 。贝鲁收集其瓶，现在他们传送至欧洲大陆。
“People think that biodegradable is good and non-biodegradable is bad. “人们认为，这是良好的生物降解和非生物降解是坏。 That’s all they see,” said Chris Goodall, environmental analyst and author of How to Live a Low-carbon Lifestyle.这是所有他们的所见， “克里斯说，古，环境和分析师的作者如何生活低碳的生活方式。 “I have been trying to compost bags that are billed as ‘biodegradable’ and ‘home compostable’ but I have completely failed. “我一直试图堆肥袋，是被称为'生物降解'和'家庭堆肥' ，但我已完全失败。 They rely on the compost heap really heating up but we still find the residues.”他们依赖于堆肥堆真的暖气，但我们仍然发现残留物“ 。
Bioplastics compete for land with biofuels and food crops.生物塑料的竞争，为土地与生物燃料作物和粮食作物。 About 200,000 tonnes of bioplastics were produced last year, requiring 250,000-350,000 tonnes of crops.约20.0万公吨的生物塑料制作，去年，要求250000-350000吨的作物。 The industry is forecast to need several million acres of farmland within four years.业内人士预测，需要几百万英亩的农田内的四年。
There is also concern over the growing use by supermarkets of “oxy-degradable” plastic bags, billed as sustainable.也有关注，越来越多地使用超级市场“氧降解”塑料袋，帐单，作为可持续发展。 They are made of conventional oil-based plastic, with an additive that enables the plastic to break down.他们所作的常规石油为基础的塑料，与添加剂，使塑料打破。 The companies promoting it claim it reduces litter and causes no methane or harmful residues.公司推广资讯科技的索赔减少乱抛垃圾及原因没有甲烷或有害的残留物。 They are used by Wal-Mart, Pizza Hut and KFC in the US, and Tesco and the Co-op in the UK for “degradable” plastic carrier bags.他们所使用的沃尔玛，必胜客和肯德基在美国，和Tesco和合作的作品在英国的“可降解”塑料承运人袋。
Some environmentalists say the terminology confuses the public.一些环境保护主义者称，术语，混淆公众。 “The consumer is baffled,” a Wrap briefing paper said. “消费者是莫名其妙， ”总结简报文件说。 “It considers these products degradable but … they will not degrade effectively in [the closed environment of] a landfill site.” “它认为这些产品可降解，但… …他们将不会有效地降解，在[该封闭的环境]垃圾填埋场” 。
A spokesman for Symphony Plastics disputed that.发言人交响乐团塑料有争议的。 “Oxy-bioplastic can be re-used and recycled, but will degrade and disappear in a short timescale”, he said. “氧bioplastic可重复使用和回收，但会降低和消失，在很短的时间内， ”他说。
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