Drug traces found in US water supply藥物痕跡發現，在美國供水

Trace amounts of pharmaceutical drugs are lurking in Louisville’s drinking water, including one used to treat people with bipolar disorder and alcohol withdrawal, and another prescribed to combat seizures.痕量藥品是隱藏在路易斯維爾的飲用水，其中包括一個用於治療人與雙相情感障礙和酒精退出，而另外指定打擊發作。

Swimming with them in the city’s water supply is a favorite pick-me-up: caffeine.游泳與他們在城市的供水是一個最喜歡的回升，我的行動：咖啡因。

The findings are part of a nationwide investigation into pharmaceutical drugs in drinking water conducted by The Associated Press.調查結果的一個組成部分，在全國范圍內調查，藥品在飲用水進行了美聯社記者。

In the course of a five-month inquiry, the AP discovered that drugs have been detected in the drinking-water supplies of 24 major metropolitan areas serving at least 41 million people — from Southern California to Northern New Jersey, from Detroit to Louisville.在這個過程中的一個5個月的調查之後，鴨，發現藥品已被偵破，在飲水供應的24個主要都市地區在職至少有41萬人-從南加利福尼亞州到北部的新澤西州，從底特律到路易斯維爾。

The findings came as no surprise to Judy Petersen, executive director of the Kentucky Waterways Alliance, a group that lobbies for cleaner rivers and lakes.結果，也沒有什麼意外，以朱迪彼得森，執行董事肯塔基水道聯盟，一組遊說，為清潔河流和湖泊。

“There is a drug cocktail, if you will, in our nation’s waters,” Petersen said, adding that there’s little known about how those drugs might be affecting people or the environment. "有一個藥物雞尾酒，如果你們願意，在我們國家和民族的水域， "彼得森說，他補充說，還有鮮為人知的關於如何實現這些藥物可能會影響到人或環境。 “We’re kind of flying in the dark.” "我們種的飛行在黑暗中摸索" 。

Louisville Water Co. officials acknowledged an increased concern of the potential health effects of trace amounts of drugs in drinking water, even as they noted there are no national standards for pharmaceutical chemicals in the water supply.路易斯維爾水公司的官員承認，是一個更加關注這一潛在的影響健康的微量毒品，在飲水，甚至為他們指出，目前並無國家標準，為製藥化學品，在自來水供應。

It’s only been in recent years that technology has even allowed detection of the chemicals, said Barbara Crow, a water company spokeswoman.這僅是已在近年的技術甚至允許檢測的化學物質時說，芭芭拉烏鴉，自來水公司的女發言人。

But they and other companies say the amounts are so small that they don’t pose a health risk.但他們和其他公司說，該數額這麼小表示，他們不會對健康造成危險。 But others worry that the long-term effects of even those small amounts aren’t certain.但其他人擔心長遠的影響，甚至是那些小的數額不能確定的。

Flushed into the system 沖水式進排水系統

How do the drugs get into the water?如何做好藥品進入水？

People take pills.人們採取避孕丸。 Their bodies absorb some of the medication, but the rest of it passes through and is flushed down toilets.自己的身體，吸收部分的藥物治療，但其餘的經過，並衝入廁所。

Other pharmaceuticals end up in drinking water when people flush unused pills down toilets or drugs are used on farm animals that excrete back into the water supply.其他製藥結束了飲用水中的時候，人們沖水閒置丸下跌廁所或藥物用於農場動物排泄重新納入供水。

Wastewater is treated before it is discharged into reservoirs, rivers or lakes.廢水經處理後，才排放到水庫，河流或湖泊。 And some of the water is cleansed again at drinking-water treatment plants, but not all the drug residue gets removed.有的水是清潔後，再次在飲用水處理廠，但並不是所有的藥物殘留得到清除。

Rengao Song, manager of water quality and research for the Louisville Water Co., said the concentrations of drugs they found in two samples taken in 2005 were so weak that they do not suggest any public health risks.任高松，經理的水質和研究為路易斯維爾水公司說，該濃度的藥物，他們發現兩個樣本，在2005年被太弱，他們沒有提出任何公共健康方面的風險。 They were detected in parts per trillion and lower, he said.他們發現，在每萬億下，他說。

Crow said it was those samples, taken as part of an industrywide study, that found their way with sampling results from other cities into the AP report.烏鴉說，這是這些樣本的，所採取的一部分，是一個全行業的研究，發現其與抽樣結果，從其他城市進入美聯社報導。

Louisville Water doesn’t normally test for pharmaceutical drugs because it’s too expensive, said Jack Wang, director of water quality and production for the city-owned utility.路易斯維爾水一般不檢驗藥品，因為它太昂貴，而傑克表示，主任王水質和生產，為城市的國有公用事業。

Way below medical dose 遠遠低於醫療劑量

The concentrations of the pharmaceuticals are far below the levels of a medical dose, the AP reported.濃度的藥品都是遠低於各級醫療劑量，據美聯社報導。

But the presence of so many prescription drugs — and over-the-counter medicines such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen — in so much of the nation’s drinking water is heightening worries among scientists of long-term consequences to human health.但在場的這麼多的處方藥-和過度的櫃檯藥物，如對乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬-在這麼多的國家的飲用水是守住了科學家之間的長期後果，對人類的健康。

The US Environmental Protection Agency also is taking notice.美國環境保護署也正通知。

“We recognize it is a growing concern, and we’re taking it very seriously,” said former Louisvillian Benjamin Grumbles, assistant administrator for water at the EPA. "我們認識到這是一個日益嚴重的問題，以及我們正在非常認真地對待這個說： "前louisvillian本傑明grumbles ，助理署長水在環保局。

Recent laboratory research has found that small amounts of medication have affected human embryonic kidney cells, human blood cells and human breast-cancer cells.最近的實驗室研究發現，少量的藥物，影響了人類胚胎腎細胞，人的血細胞和人類乳腺癌細胞。 The cancer cells proliferated too quickly; the kidney cells grew too slowly; and the blood cells showed biological activity associated with inflammation.癌細胞增殖太快;腎臟細胞生長過於緩慢，以及血細胞的生物活性與炎症。

Even those who use bottled water and home-filtration systems don’t necessarily avoid exposure.即使是那些使用瓶裝水和家庭過濾系統不一定要避免過分暴露。

Bottlers, some of which simply repackage tap water, do not typically treat or test for pharmaceuticals, according to the industry’s main trade group.裝瓶廠，其中一些簡單包裝自來水，不典型，治療或試驗藥品，根據業界的主要貿易集團。 The same goes for the makers of home-filtration systems.同樣的情況也適用決策者的家庭過濾系統。

Pharmaceuticals in waterways also are damaging wildlife, research shows.藥品水道，也破壞野生動物的，研究表明。 Notably, male fish are being feminized, creating egg yolk proteins that usually come from females.值得注意的是，雄性魚都被女性化，創造蛋黃蛋白質通常來自於女性。

Some scientists stress that the research is limited, and there are many unknowns.一些科學家強調，他們的研究是有限的，有很多未知數。 They say, though, that the documented health problems in wildlife are disconcerting.他們說，雖然該文件健康問題，在野生動物是令人不安。

“It brings a question to people’s minds that if the fish were affected … might there be a potential problem for humans?” EPA research biologist Vickie Wilson said. " ，它帶來一個問題，人們的思想，如果魚都受到影響…可能有一個潛在的問題，為人類" ？環保局研究生物學家vickie威爾遜說。

Song, at the Louisville Water Co., largely attributed the problem to effluent discharged from treatment plants.宋，在路易斯維爾水有限公司，主要歸因問題，以污水排放處理廠。

Metropolitan Sewer District Executive Director Bud Schardein said he’s aware of the issue, and he doesn’t want people flushing drugs down the toilet.都市下水道區執行董事芽schardein說，他知道有這個問題，他不希望人們沖廁藥物下抽水馬桶。

But Alex Novak, who runs MSD’s Morris Forman Wastewater Treatment Plant on the Ohio River in western Louisville, said MSD does not test for drugs in its effluent.但徐家諾瓦克，誰違背了美國默沙東藥廠的莫里斯Forman ）污水處理廠於俄亥俄河，在西部路易斯維爾時說，美國默沙東藥廠並不試驗藥物在其污水。 He characterized concerns about health and environmental drugs in rivers or drinking water as being “more in the research realm at this point.”他的特點是關注健康和環境的藥物，在河流或飲用水被認為"更在研究領域，在這一點" 。

Key test results 關鍵的測試結果

In its report, members of the AP National Investigative Team reviewed hundreds of scientific reports, analyzed federal drinking-water databases, visited environmental study sites and treatment plants and interviewed more than 230 officials, academics and scientists.在其報告中，委員對美聯社國家調查組審查了數以百計的科學報告，分析了聯邦飲用水數據庫，參觀環境研究地點和處理廠，並採訪了230多官員，學者和科學家。 They surveyed the nation’s 50 largest cities and a dozen other major water providers and smaller community water providers.他們調查了全國50個大城市，以及其他十幾個主要水供應商及規模較小的社區的水供應。

Some key test results:一些關鍵的測試結果：

Officials in Philadelphia said testing discovered 56 pharmaceuticals or byproducts in treated drinking water, including medicines for pain, infection, high cholesterol, asthma, epilepsy, mental illness and heart problems.官員說，美國費城的測試發現， 56個藥品或副產品，在處理飲用水，其中包括藥品的疼痛，感染，高膽固醇，哮喘，癲癇症，精神疾病和心臟問題。

Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety medications were detected in a portion of the treated drinking water for 18.5 million people in Southern California.抗癲癇和抗焦慮藥物，警方在現場發現的部分經過處理的飲用水，為1850萬人，在南加州。

A sex hormone was detected in San Francisco’s drinking water.性荷爾蒙，被發現在舊金山的飲用水。

Of the 28 major metropolitan areas where tests were performed on drinking-water supplies, only Albuquerque, NM; Austin, Texas; and Virginia Beach, Va.; said tests were negative.在28個主要都市地區如檢查則對飲用水供應，只有在阿爾伯克基，新墨西哥州;奧斯汀，得克薩斯州和弗吉尼亞州海灘，維吉尼亞州;說，檢驗結果均為陰性。 Arlington, Texas, acknowledged that traces of a pharmaceutical were detected in its drinking water but cited post-9/11 security concerns in refusing to identify the drug.德州阿靈頓，承認有極微量的一家藥廠被發現在其飲水，但舉出9.11事件的安全關切，拒絕以找出毒品。

The AP also contacted 52 small water providers — one in each state, and two each in Missouri and Texas — that serve communities with populations around 25,000.美聯社還接觸了52個小型水利提供商-一個在每一個國家，每兩在密蘇里州和得克薩斯州-即服務於社區的人口約2 5 000人。 All but one said their drinking water had not been screened for pharmaceuticals; officials in Emporia, Kan., refused to answer AP’s questions, also citing post-9/11 concerns.所有，但一說，他們的飲用水沒有被甄別為藥品;官員在逛商場，堪薩斯州，拒絕回答美聯社的問題，還援引9.11關切。

Grumbles, the EPA’s water chief, acknowledged that just late last year the agency developed three new methods to “detect and quantify pharmaceuticals” in wastewater. grumbles ， EPA的水行政承認，只是在去年年底該機構制定了三項新的方法來"發現和量化藥品" ，在廢水。

“We realize that we have a limited amount of data on the concentrations,” he said. "我們認識到我們有一個數量有限的數據對濃度， "他說。 “We’re going to be able to learn a lot more.” "我們一定會全力以赴，以能學到很多東西，更" 。

Associated Press reporters Jeff Donn, Martha Mendoza and Justin Pritchard reported and wrote this story.美聯社記者傑夫donn ，瑪莎門多薩和賈斯汀普里查德匯報，並寫了這個故事。 Courier-Journal reporter James Bruggers, who contributed to it, can be reached at (502) 582-4645.信使-日報記者詹姆斯bruggers ，作出貢獻的人，才能達成（ 502 ） 582-4645 。

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