Drug traces found in US water supply药物痕迹发现，在美国供水

Trace amounts of pharmaceutical drugs are lurking in Louisville’s drinking water, including one used to treat people with bipolar disorder and alcohol withdrawal, and another prescribed to combat seizures.痕量药品是隐藏在路易斯维尔的饮用水，其中包括一个用于治疗人与双相情感障碍和酒精退出，而另外指定打击发作。

Swimming with them in the city’s water supply is a favorite pick-me-up: caffeine.游泳与他们在城市的供水是一个最喜欢的回升，我的行动：咖啡因。

The findings are part of a nationwide investigation into pharmaceutical drugs in drinking water conducted by The Associated Press.调查结果的一个组成部分，在全国范围内调查，药品在饮用水进行了美联社记者。

In the course of a five-month inquiry, the AP discovered that drugs have been detected in the drinking-water supplies of 24 major metropolitan areas serving at least 41 million people — from Southern California to Northern New Jersey, from Detroit to Louisville.在这个过程中的一个5个月的调查之后，鸭，发现药品已被侦破，在饮水供应的24个主要都市地区在职至少有41万人-从南加利福尼亚州到北部的新泽西州，从底特律到路易斯维尔。

The findings came as no surprise to Judy Petersen, executive director of the Kentucky Waterways Alliance, a group that lobbies for cleaner rivers and lakes.结果，也没有什么意外，以朱迪彼得森，执行董事肯塔基水道联盟，一组游说，为清洁河流和湖泊。

“There is a drug cocktail, if you will, in our nation’s waters,” Petersen said, adding that there’s little known about how those drugs might be affecting people or the environment. "有一个药物鸡尾酒，如果你们愿意，在我们国家和民族的水域， "彼得森说，他补充说，还有鲜为人知的关于如何实现这些药物可能会影响到人或环境。 “We’re kind of flying in the dark.” "我们种的飞行在黑暗中摸索" 。

Louisville Water Co. officials acknowledged an increased concern of the potential health effects of trace amounts of drugs in drinking water, even as they noted there are no national standards for pharmaceutical chemicals in the water supply.路易斯维尔水公司的官员承认，是一个更加关注这一潜在的影响健康的微量毒品，在饮水，甚至为他们指出，目前并无国家标准，为制药化学品，在自来水供应。

It’s only been in recent years that technology has even allowed detection of the chemicals, said Barbara Crow, a water company spokeswoman.这仅是已在近年的技术甚至允许检测的化学物质时说，芭芭拉乌鸦，自来水公司的女发言人。

But they and other companies say the amounts are so small that they don’t pose a health risk.但他们和其他公司说，该数额这么小表示，他们不会对健康造成危险。 But others worry that the long-term effects of even those small amounts aren’t certain.但其他人担心长远的影响，甚至是那些小的数额不能确定的。

Flushed into the system 冲水式进排水系统

How do the drugs get into the water?如何做好药品进入水？

People take pills.人们采取避孕丸。 Their bodies absorb some of the medication, but the rest of it passes through and is flushed down toilets.自己的身体，吸收部分的药物治疗，但其余的经过，并冲入厕所。

Other pharmaceuticals end up in drinking water when people flush unused pills down toilets or drugs are used on farm animals that excrete back into the water supply.其他制药结束了饮用水中的时候，人们冲水闲置丸下跌厕所或药物用于农场动物排泄重新纳入供水。

Wastewater is treated before it is discharged into reservoirs, rivers or lakes.废水经处理后，才排放到水库，河流或湖泊。 And some of the water is cleansed again at drinking-water treatment plants, but not all the drug residue gets removed.有的水是清洁后，再次在饮用水处理厂，但并不是所有的药物残留得到清除。

Rengao Song, manager of water quality and research for the Louisville Water Co., said the concentrations of drugs they found in two samples taken in 2005 were so weak that they do not suggest any public health risks.任高松，经理的水质和研究为路易斯维尔水公司说，该浓度的药物，他们发现两个样本，在2005年被太弱，他们没有提出任何公共健康方面的风险。 They were detected in parts per trillion and lower, he said.他们发现，在每万亿下，他说。

Crow said it was those samples, taken as part of an industrywide study, that found their way with sampling results from other cities into the AP report.乌鸦说，这是这些样本的，所采取的一部分，是一个全行业的研究，发现其与抽样结果，从其他城市进入美联社报道。

Louisville Water doesn’t normally test for pharmaceutical drugs because it’s too expensive, said Jack Wang, director of water quality and production for the city-owned utility.路易斯维尔水一般不检验药品，因为它太昂贵，而杰克表示，主任王水质和生产，为城市的国有公用事业。

Way below medical dose 远远低于医疗剂量

The concentrations of the pharmaceuticals are far below the levels of a medical dose, the AP reported.浓度的药品都是远低于各级医疗剂量，据美联社报道。

But the presence of so many prescription drugs — and over-the-counter medicines such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen — in so much of the nation’s drinking water is heightening worries among scientists of long-term consequences to human health.但在场的这么多的处方药-和过度的柜台药物，如对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬-在这么多的国家的饮用水是守住了科学家之间的长期后果，对人类的健康。

The US Environmental Protection Agency also is taking notice.美国环境保护署也正通知。

“We recognize it is a growing concern, and we’re taking it very seriously,” said former Louisvillian Benjamin Grumbles, assistant administrator for water at the EPA. "我们认识到这是一个日益严重的问题，以及我们正在非常认真地对待这个说： "前louisvillian本杰明grumbles ，助理署长水在环保局。

Recent laboratory research has found that small amounts of medication have affected human embryonic kidney cells, human blood cells and human breast-cancer cells.最近的实验室研究发现，少量的药物，影响了人类胚胎肾细胞，人的血细胞和人类乳腺癌细胞。 The cancer cells proliferated too quickly; the kidney cells grew too slowly; and the blood cells showed biological activity associated with inflammation.癌细胞增殖太快;肾脏细胞生长过于缓慢，以及血细胞的生物活性与炎症。

Even those who use bottled water and home-filtration systems don’t necessarily avoid exposure.即使是那些使用瓶装水和家庭过滤系统不一定要避免过分暴露。

Bottlers, some of which simply repackage tap water, do not typically treat or test for pharmaceuticals, according to the industry’s main trade group.装瓶厂，其中一些简单包装自来水，不典型，治疗或试验药品，根据业界的主要贸易集团。 The same goes for the makers of home-filtration systems.同样的情况也适用决策者的家庭过滤系统。

Pharmaceuticals in waterways also are damaging wildlife, research shows.药品水道，也破坏野生动物的，研究表明。 Notably, male fish are being feminized, creating egg yolk proteins that usually come from females.值得注意的是，雄性鱼都被女性化，创造蛋黄蛋白质通常来自于女性。

Some scientists stress that the research is limited, and there are many unknowns.一些科学家强调，他们的研究是有限的，有很多未知数。 They say, though, that the documented health problems in wildlife are disconcerting.他们说，虽然该文件健康问题，在野生动物是令人不安。

“It brings a question to people’s minds that if the fish were affected … might there be a potential problem for humans?” EPA research biologist Vickie Wilson said. " ，它带来一个问题，人们的思想，如果鱼都受到影响…可能有一个潜在的问题，为人类" ？环保局研究生物学家vickie威尔逊说。

Song, at the Louisville Water Co., largely attributed the problem to effluent discharged from treatment plants.宋，在路易斯维尔水有限公司，主要归因问题，以污水排放处理厂。

Metropolitan Sewer District Executive Director Bud Schardein said he’s aware of the issue, and he doesn’t want people flushing drugs down the toilet.都市下水道区执行董事芽schardein说，他知道有这个问题，他不希望人们冲厕药物下抽水马桶。

But Alex Novak, who runs MSD’s Morris Forman Wastewater Treatment Plant on the Ohio River in western Louisville, said MSD does not test for drugs in its effluent.但徐家诺瓦克，谁违背了美国默沙东药厂的莫里斯Forman ）污水处理厂于俄亥俄河，在西部路易斯维尔时说，美国默沙东药厂并不试验药物在其污水。 He characterized concerns about health and environmental drugs in rivers or drinking water as being “more in the research realm at this point.”他的特点是关注健康和环境的药物，在河流或饮用水被认为"更在研究领域，在这一点" 。

Key test results 关键的测试结果

In its report, members of the AP National Investigative Team reviewed hundreds of scientific reports, analyzed federal drinking-water databases, visited environmental study sites and treatment plants and interviewed more than 230 officials, academics and scientists.在其报告中，委员对美联社国家调查组审查了数以百计的科学报告，分析了联邦饮用水数据库，参观环境研究地点和处理厂，并采访了230多官员，学者和科学家。 They surveyed the nation’s 50 largest cities and a dozen other major water providers and smaller community water providers.他们调查了全国50个大城市，以及其他十几个主要水供应商及规模较小的社区的水供应。

Some key test results:一些关键的测试结果：

Officials in Philadelphia said testing discovered 56 pharmaceuticals or byproducts in treated drinking water, including medicines for pain, infection, high cholesterol, asthma, epilepsy, mental illness and heart problems.官员说，美国费城的测试发现， 56个药品或副产品，在处理饮用水，其中包括药品的疼痛，感染，高胆固醇，哮喘，癫痫症，精神疾病和心脏问题。

Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety medications were detected in a portion of the treated drinking water for 18.5 million people in Southern California.抗癫痫和抗焦虑药物，警方在现场发现的部分经过处理的饮用水，为1850万人，在南加州。

A sex hormone was detected in San Francisco’s drinking water.性荷尔蒙，被发现在旧金山的饮用水。

Of the 28 major metropolitan areas where tests were performed on drinking-water supplies, only Albuquerque, NM; Austin, Texas; and Virginia Beach, Va.; said tests were negative.在28个主要都市地区如检查则对饮用水供应，只有在阿尔伯克基，新墨西哥州;奥斯汀，得克萨斯州和弗吉尼亚州海滩，维吉尼亚州;说，检验结果均为阴性。 Arlington, Texas, acknowledged that traces of a pharmaceutical were detected in its drinking water but cited post-9/11 security concerns in refusing to identify the drug.德州阿灵顿，承认有极微量的一家药厂被发现在其饮水，但举出9.11事件的安全关切，拒绝以找出毒品。

The AP also contacted 52 small water providers — one in each state, and two each in Missouri and Texas — that serve communities with populations around 25,000.美联社还接触了52个小型水利提供商-一个在每一个国家，每两在密苏里州和得克萨斯州-即服务于社区的人口约2 5 000人。 All but one said their drinking water had not been screened for pharmaceuticals; officials in Emporia, Kan., refused to answer AP’s questions, also citing post-9/11 concerns.所有，但一说，他们的饮用水没有被甄别为药品;官员在逛商场，堪萨斯州，拒绝回答美联社的问题，还援引9.11关切。

Grumbles, the EPA’s water chief, acknowledged that just late last year the agency developed three new methods to “detect and quantify pharmaceuticals” in wastewater. grumbles ， EPA的水行政承认，只是在去年年底该机构制定了三项新的方法来"发现和量化药品" ，在废水。

“We realize that we have a limited amount of data on the concentrations,” he said. "我们认识到我们有一个数量有限的数据对浓度， "他说。 “We’re going to be able to learn a lot more.” "我们一定会全力以赴，以能学到很多东西，更" 。

Associated Press reporters Jeff Donn, Martha Mendoza and Justin Pritchard reported and wrote this story.美联社记者杰夫donn ，玛莎门多萨和贾斯汀普里查德汇报，并写了这个故事。 Courier-Journal reporter James Bruggers, who contributed to it, can be reached at (502) 582-4645.信使-日报记者詹姆斯bruggers ，作出贡献的人，才能达成（ 502 ） 582-4645 。

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