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 | Translate: 翻译：               Will International Law Reach Bush?国际法将达到布什？ Tuesday, September 23rd, 2008 星期二， 2008年9月23号 By通过 Peter Dyer |彼得戴尔| Q: What do Radovan Karadzic, former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, and George W. Bush have in common?问：什么拉多万卡拉季奇，法国前总理多米尼克德维尔潘和美国总统布什的共同点？ A: Each lives under the slowly growing shadow of a body of international criminal law.答：每一个生活在阴影逐渐增加一个机构，国际刑事法。 This law is evolving towards the ultimate goal of holding even the most powerful leaders personally accountable for crimes committed by the State.这一法律是不断变化的走向，最终目标是控股即使是最强大的领导亲自负责所犯下的罪行的国家。 It is manifested in international agreements and statutes such as the Geneva Conventions, case law, two ad hoc war crimes tribunals (Yugoslavia and Rwanda), and a permanent International Criminal Court.这体现在国际协定和法规，如日内瓦公约，案例法，两个特设战争罪法庭（南斯拉夫和卢旺达）和一个常设国际刑事法院。 Radovan Karadzic, former Bosnian Serb President, has been arrested and now awaits trial in The Hague before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity.拉多万卡拉季奇，波黑塞族前总统，已被逮捕，现正等待审判在海牙的国际刑事法庭审理前南斯拉夫（前南刑庭）的种族灭绝罪和危害人类罪。 Dominique de Villepin is one of 33 French military and political leaders who have recently been accused in a report released by the Rwandan government of arming and advising Hutu leaders in the genocide and crimes against humanity of 1994.德维尔潘是法国的33个军事和政治领导人谁最近被指控在一份报告中公布的卢旺达政府的武装和咨询的胡图族领导人在种族灭绝和反人类罪1994年。
George W. Bush in March 2003 ordered “Operation Shock and Awe” (though officially dubbed “Operation: Iraqi Freedom”) – the unprovoked invasion and occupation of Iraq – presenting the world with a clear prima facie case of aggression.乔治布什在2003年3月下令行动“震慑行动” （尽管正式被称为“操作：伊拉克自由” ） -无端入侵和占领伊拉克-介绍了世界一个明确的初步证据确凿的案件的侵略。 Aggression, in the words of the judgment delivered at the first Nuremberg Trial, is “the supreme international crime” because it unleashes all the other devastation and inhumanity of war.侵略的话来说，判决的第一纽伦堡审判，是“最高的国际犯罪” ，因为它释放所有其他的破坏和非人道的战争。 For this reason, and because President Bush is head of the world’s most powerful state, clearly the shadow of the law is at present less ominous to him than to Karadzic or perhaps to de Villepin.出于这个原因，因为美国总统布什领导的世界上最强大的国家，明确的阴影，法是目前减少不祥他比卡拉季奇或者向德维尔潘。 But there is no statute of limitations for any of these crimes.但是没有法定时效的任何这些罪行。 Things change over time, often unpredictably.事情随着时间推移而改变，往往不可预测。 And the international community has been working steadily towards this difficult goal for decades.和国际社会一直致力于稳步实现这一目标困难了几十年。 Nuremberg Precedent 纽伦堡先例 Although the effort to hold leaders personally responsible for crimes of state goes back to the late 19th century, the first significant watershed was the 1946 judgment of the first Nuremberg trial.虽然努力举行领导人亲自负责的国家犯罪行为可追溯到19世纪末，第一个重大分水岭是1946年判决的第一纽伦堡审判。 A panel of judges from the US, UK, France and the Soviet Union held German leaders personally responsible and punished them for crimes of state, including aggression.评审团由美国，英国，法国和苏联的德国领导人举行了个人责任和惩罚他们的罪行的国家，包括侵略。 The roots of the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals are largely in Nuremberg as are those of the International Criminal Court, although neither ad hoc tribunal charter included aggression.的根源南斯拉夫问题和卢旺达问题国际法庭基本上是在纽伦堡的是那些国际刑事法院，但没有特设法庭宪章包括侵略。 One of the most significant achievements of the Yugoslavia Tribunal was the first ever indictment of an acting head of state, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic, for crimes committed while still in office.一个最重要的成就，前南问题国际法庭是第一次起诉的代理国家元首，南斯拉夫总统米洛舍维奇，犯下的罪行，同时还在办公室。 According to the ICTY Web site, “the question is no longer whether leaders should be held accountable, but rather how can they be called to account.”根据前南问题国际法庭的网站， “这个问题不再是领导人是否应追究责任， 而是如何才能追究他们的责任。 ” A major problem with the two courts was that they were each temporary responses to a specific set of separate circumstances which had considerable legal overlap.一个重大问题的两个法院，他们每个临时的反应，一组特定的情况下，单独有相当大的法律重叠。 The ad hoc approach was clearly limited by issues of logistics, expenses and repetition, many of which could have been more effectively addressed by a permanent court.特设的做法显然是有限的问题，物流，费用和重复，其中有许多本来可以更加有效地解决一个常设法院。 The achievements of the two tribunals as well as their limitations gave new impetus to the decades-old effort to establish a permanent International Criminal Court.所取得的成就两个法庭以及其局限性了新的动力，数十年之久的努力，建立一个常设国际刑事法院。 On July 17, 1998, the great majority of countries of the world voted in Rome, 120 to 7 with 21 abstentions, to establish the International Criminal Court. 7月17日， 1998年，绝大多数的世界各国的投罗马， 120 7 21票弃权，建立国际刑事法院。 With the signature and ratification of 60 states the International Criminal Court came into being on July 1, 2002.在签署和批准60个国家的国际刑事法院的诞生7月1日， 2002年。 Six years later, as of last June 1, 106 countries have ratified the Rome Statute.六年后，截至去年6月1日， 106个国家已批准了罗马规约。 Written into the Statute is a provision for member states to meet seven years after the entry into force (2009) to consider amendments.写入章程是规定各会员国，以满足七年生效后（ 2009年） ，审议修订。 Because the Statute is the result of decades of evolution and five weeks of intense negotiations between 148 countries, it is full of compromises.由于规约是由于几十年的演变和5个星期的紧张谈判的148个国家，这是全面的妥协。 Even so, it is remarkable.即便如此，它是了不起的。 Never before has the world community united to create an institution invested with legal authority to write, adjudicate and enforce international criminal law.从来没有国际社会团结起来，建立一个投资机构与法律权威撰写，裁定和执行国际刑事法。 And, despite compromises, it is remarkable for the degree to which so many were able to agree on some basics.而且，尽管妥协，这是了不起的程度，所以许多人能够同意对一些基本知识。 Most important among these is a set of “core crimes” over which the Court has jurisdiction.其中最重要的是一套“核心罪行”超过该法院有管辖权。 These are: 1) genocide, 2) crimes against humanity, 3) war crimes and 4) aggression (the waging of aggressive war).这些国家是： 1 ）种族灭绝罪， 2 ）危害人类罪， 3 ）战争罪和4 ）的侵略（发动侵华战争） 。 Conflict over Definition 冲突的定义 Unfortunately, the Rome conference was unable to agree on a definition of aggression.不幸的是，罗马会议未能达成一致意见的侵略定义。 Unwilling to leave out “the supreme international crime” containing within itself the “accumulated evil of the whole,” the conference compromised, including aggression among the ”core crimes” but leaving it undefined in anticipation of a future amendment defining the crime and setting out conditions for jurisdiction.不愿意离开了“最高的国际犯罪”本身含有的“邪恶的积累总体而言， ”会议的损害，包括侵略之间的“核心罪行” ，但留给未定义预计将在未来的修正案确定了犯罪和确定条件的管辖范围之内。 Unfortunately, a major obstacle to the ICC, enforcement and otherwise, has been the United States.不幸的是，一个主要障碍，国际刑事法院，强制执行和其他一直是美国。 The US was one of seven countries which voted against the Statute — part of a list which included Iraq, Libya, Israel, Qatar and Yemen.美国是一个7个国家投票反对该规约-部分的清单，其中包括伊拉克，利比亚，以色列，卡塔尔和也门。 Despite the vote, President Clinton signed the Statute on Dec. 31, 2000.尽管表决，克林顿总统签署了该规约在12月31日， 2000年。 Less than two years later President George W. Bush “unsigned it.”不到两年后，美国总统布什“签署它。 ” If major countries such as Russia, China, India and especially the US ever do decide to join and throw their considerable weight behind the ICC here are a few examples of what the organization may eventually be capable of:如果主要国家如俄罗斯，中国，印度，尤其是美国有史以来做决定加入，并投掷重量相当其背后的国际刑事法院这里举几个例子说明该组织可能最终能够： –”Treaty crimes” such as hijacking and narcotics trafficking, while not yet covered by the Statute, are slated to be discussed and possibly defined and amended into the Rome Statue as early as 2009. -“条约罪行” ，如劫机和贩运毒品，而尚未涉及的规约，预定将要讨论和可能确定和修正到罗马雕像早在2 009年。 There would be an international institution with the legal power to apprehend, try and punish future Osama Bin Ladens without the catastrophic destruction and waste of war.将有一个国际机构的法律权力，逮捕，审判和惩罚未来乌萨马本拉丹的灾难性破坏和浪费的战争。 –The genocide visited by Saddam Hussein upon the Iraqi Kurds (1984-1991) perhaps could have been stopped, or at least punished upon authorization by the Security Council. ，种族灭绝访问了萨达姆侯赛因的伊拉克库尔德人（ 1984年至1991年）也许已经停止，或至少应受到惩罚安全理事会授权。 –There will be a venue for resolving murky situations such as the recent violence in Georgia, where a court of law could be the only place to finally decide if and when aggression and/or other crimes occurred and who was responsible. ，将有一个场所，解决阴暗的情况下，如最近发生的暴力事件在格鲁吉亚，如果法院的法律可能是唯一地点，最终决定是否及何时侵略和/或其他罪行的发生，谁负责。 –Assuming that aggression is eventually defined and fully included in the Rome Statute, those who initiate wars of aggression, such as the US invasion of Iraq, will do so knowing there is at least the legal possibility of arrest, trial and prison. ，假设最终的侵略定义和充分纳入罗马规约，这些谁发起的侵略战争，如美国对伊拉克的入侵，将明知这样做至少有法律的可能性逮捕，审判和监狱。 Ironically the United States led the way in establishing the precedent for this when the Allies at Nuremberg tried and punished Germans for aggression and other crimes.具有讽刺意味的美国率先建立了先例，这个当盟军在纽伦堡审判和惩罚德国的侵略和其他罪行。 At the moment, the prospect of an American president sitting in the dock of the International Criminal Court seems remote.目前，展望美国总统坐在被告席的国际刑事法院似乎遥远。 It should be remembered, however, that in 1973, nobody would have believed that 33 years later General Augusto Pinochet would die under house arrest in Chile, facing trial on charges of human rights abuses, including kidnapping and murder, committed during the dark days of Chile’s military government.应该记住，然而，在1973年，没有人会相信， 33年后的奥古斯托皮诺切特将军将死被软禁在智利，面临审判，罪名是侵犯人权，包括绑架和谋杀，期间所犯的黑暗日子里智利军政府。 A lot can happen in three decades.有许多事情会发生在三十年。 Leaders come and go.领导来来去去。 Power ebbs and flows.电力低潮和流动。 National and international perspectives and relationships change.国家和国际的观点和关系的变化。 Imagine the chilling effect the real prospect of arrest, trial and prison for starting a war would have on a head of state considering aggression.试想寒蝉效应真正的前景逮捕，审判和监狱开始的战争将会对国家元首审议的侵略。 Such a simple and powerful deterrent could move humanity significantly closer to realizing the original vision of the United Nations: a world without war.这样一个简单而强大的威慑力可能将显着人类更加接近实现最初的设想联合国：世界上没有战争。 There simply can be no lasting peace without justice.有简单就不会有持久和平，正义。 To quote Professor Sadat, “As humanity struggles to overcome its darkest impulses in this new millennium, impulses that led not only to the slaughter of hundreds of millions during the 20th century, but threaten our very survival, the creation of effective international institutions and regimes is essential … to transform the prohibitions on the commission of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and aggression into real tools to deter the cruel and powerful.”引用萨达特教授， “随着人类的斗争，以克服其最为阴暗的冲动在这新千年之际，冲动这不仅导致了屠宰数以亿计在20世纪，而且威胁我们的生存，建立有效的国际机构和制度是至关重要的...把禁止犯下种族灭绝罪，战争罪，反人类罪和侵略转化为现实的工具，以遏止残酷和强大的。 “ Next year in New York, the ICC Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression is scheduled to conclude their work on a definition of aggression for inclusion as an amendment to the Rome Statute.明年在纽约，国际刑事法院的特别工作组的侵略罪预定结束其工作的侵略定义列为一项修正案罗马规约。 A review conference of the full ICC Assembly will convene in 2010 to consider this and other amendments.审查会议的全部国际商会大会将召开在2010年考虑这个问题和其他的修正案。 The work continues.这项工作仍在继续。 Peter Dyer is a freelance journalist who moved with his wife from California to New Zealand in 2004. 彼得戴尔是一个自由撰稿人谁感动与他的妻子从加利福尼亚到新西兰在2004年。 He can be reached at 他可以达成 p.dyer@inspire.net.nz p.dyer @ inspire.net.nz . 。 Have Your Say: Will International Law Reach Bush? 你说：国际法将达到布什？ Please read our请仔细阅读我们的 posting guidelines before posting张贴在发布前的指导方针 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以讨论这份报告在这里 . 。 One Response to “Will International Law Reach Bush?”一个响应“威尔国际法河段布什？ ”
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George W. Bush is a dry drunk $ociopath with the insight of a rabid dog.乔治布什是一个缺水喝$ ociopath与洞察力的疯狗。 Grandfather said that we don’t pet rabid dogs.爷爷说，我们没有宠物狗狂犬病。 We shoot them!我们拍他们！