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When Corporations Rule the World當公司統治世界

Monday, September 22nd, 2008 星期一, 2008年9月22日

PCDF呋喃 | Those of us who seek to intervene in policy debates in favor of economic justice and environmentally sustainability are regularly assured by the world’s power brokers that they are fully committed to these goals so long as economic growth and the expansion of free trade are not compromised by governmental restraints on the market. |我們這些誰尋求干預政策辯論有利於經濟正義和環境的可持續性是定期保證世界上的權力掮客,他們完全致力於實現這些目標,只要經濟增長和擴大的自由貿易是不由於政府的限制在市場上。 So sacred have growth and free trade become in our modern culture that only rarely do we find the courage to ask why they should be given precedence over the needs of people and nature.因此,神聖的增長和自由貿易成為我國現代文化,只有很少這樣做,我們找到勇氣問,為什麼他們應該考慮凌駕於人民的需要和性質。 Indeed, why should we consider accelerating growth and trade to be of any importance at all except to the extent that they serve people and nature?事實上,我們為什麼要考慮加速增長和貿易的重要性的任何除在所有的程度,他們為人民服務和性質?

When the proponents of growth, market deregulation, and free trade tout their benefits, it is well to bear in mind what some of the most outspoken of these proponents really have in mind.當支持者的增長,放鬆市場管制,並宣揚自由貿易的好處,這是很好地銘記一些最直言不諱的這些支持者真的有一點。 Take this account from a recent issue of Forbes magazine.採取此帳戶從新近出版的福布斯雜誌。

As disillusion with socialism and other forms of statist economics spreads, private, personal initiative is being released to seek its destiny.隨著社會主義幻滅和其他形式的中央集權經濟的蔓延,私營,個人倡議正在尋求釋放自己的命運。 Wealth, naturally, follows.財富,自然如下。 The two big openings for free enterprise in this decade have come in Latin America and the Far East.兩個大開口的自由企業在這十年來在拉丁美洲和遠東地區。 Not surprisingly, the biggest clusters of new billionaires on our list have risen from the ferment of these two regions.不足為奇的是,最大的集群新的億萬富翁我們的名單上已經上升到了發酵的這兩個地區。 Eleven new Mexican billionaires in two years, seven more ethnic Chinese.墨西哥11個新的億萬富翁兩年來, 7個多種族中國。

Taking a slightly more populist view, Business Week presented its own special report titled “A Millionaire a Minute,” providing this breathless account of what the free market has accomplished in Asia.縱觀略多民粹主義的觀點,商業周刊提出了自己的特別報告,題為“百萬富翁一分鐘, ”提供這種氣喘吁籲到什麼自由市場已完成了在亞洲。

Wealth..財富.. . . Now East Asia is generating its own wealth on a speed and scale that probably is without historical precedent.現在,東亞是其自身產生的財富進行了速度和規模,大概是沒有歷史的先例。 The number of non-Japanese Asian multimillionaires is expected to double to 800,000 by 1996.在一些非日本的亞洲富翁預計將翻一番,達到800000到1996年。 . . . East Asia will surpass Japan in purchasing power within a decade.東亞將超過日本的購買力在十年之內。 . . . There are new markets for everything from Mercedes Benz cars to Motorola mobile phones to Fidelity mutual funds.有新的市場,從奔馳的汽車,摩托羅拉手機,富達共同基金。 . . . To find the nearest precedent, you need to rewind US history 100 years to the days before strong unions, securities watchdogs and antitrust laws.若要尋找最近的先例,你需要倒帶美國歷史上100年到前幾天強有力的工會,證券監管機構和反托拉斯法。

Neither article made more than passing reference to the 675 million Asians who continue to live in absolute deprivation.既不提出文章以上提及的6.75億亞洲人誰繼續生活在絕對貧困。 So there we have it.因此,我們有它。 In the eyes of two leading business journals, economic success is about creating millionaires and billionaires by denying workers the right to organize independent unions and giving free reign to securities fraud and the extraction of monopoly profits.眼中的兩個領先的商業雜誌,經濟上的成功是創造百萬富翁和億萬富翁否認工人有權組織獨立工會和免費統治,以證券欺詐和提取的壟斷利潤。

Most everyone is aware that we live in an unequal world.大部分大家都知道,我們生活在一個不平等的世界。 Few realize, however, just how extreme the inequality has become or how fast the gap between the poor and the super rich is growing.很少認識到,然而,如何極端的不平等已經成為或有多快貧富差距的超級日益豐富。 Forbes tells us the world now has 358 billionaires.福布斯告訴我們,世界上現在有358名億萬富翁。 Their combined net worth exceeds the combined net worth of the world’s poorest 2½ billion people.其合併資產淨值超過了淨值世界上最貧窮的2.5億人。 This is but one manifestation of the extreme economic and social distortions created by the globalized free market economy idealized by business publications such as Forbes and Business Week.這只是體現了極其嚴重的經濟和社會所造成的扭曲全球化的自由市場經濟理想化的商業出版物,如福布斯和商業周刊。

Evidence is mounting that economic growth and free trade are not leading us toward economic justice and environmental sustainability.證據越來越多,經濟增長和自由貿易是沒有領導我們走向經濟正義和環境的可持續性。 To the contrary, they are taking us in the direction of increasing economic injustice and environmental unsustainability.相反,他們正在我們的方向增加經濟上的不公正和環境不可持續的。 The debates over jobs versus the environment miss a basic point.在辯論的工作與環境錯過任何一個基本點。 Assuring everyone the means to meet their basic needs and achieving a sustainable balance with the environment are mutually supportive goals.保證每個人的手段來滿足其基本需要和實現可持續的平衡與環境是相互支持的目標。 Indeed, there are powerful theoretical arguments why, in a resource scarce world, neither is possible without the other.事實上,有強大的理論論據,為什麼在資源稀缺的世界,也不是不可能的。 There is, however, an irreconcilable conflict between the goal of creating economically just and environmentally sustainable societies and embracing sustained economic growth, unregulated markets, and free trade as the organizing principles of public policy.然而,一個不可調和的衝突的目標是創造經濟公正和環境上可持續的社會和擁抱經濟持續增長,無市場,自由貿易的組織原則的公共政策。 The resulting policies are well suited to producing more millionaires and billionaires.由此產生的政策很適合於生產更多的百萬富翁和億萬富翁。 They are ill suited to achieving justice and sustainability.他們生病適合於實現公正和持久性。

THE MONEY GAME在金錢遊戲

The world’s most powerful instrument of governance is not a government.世界上最強大的工具,管理是不是一個政府。 Nor is it a global corporation.它也不是一個全球性的公司。 Rather it is a global financial system that is running dangerously out of control.相反,它是一個全球性的金融體制,運行危險失去控制。

Each day half a million to a million people–primarily Western Europeans, North Americans, and Japanese–arise as dawn reaches their part of the world, turn on their computers, and leave the real world of people, things, and nature to immerse themselves in playing the world’s most lucrative computer game: the money game.每天50萬到100萬人,主要是西歐,北美,日本,出現曙光達到他們的世界的一部分,把他們的電腦上,並離開現實世界中的人,事,沉浸在大自然本身發揮世界上最有利可圖的電腦遊戲:在金錢遊戲。 As their computers come on line, they enter a world of cyberspace constructed of numbers that represent money and complex rules by which those numbers can be converted into a seemingly infinite variety of financial instruments, each with its own distinctive risks and reproductive qualities.至於他們的電腦就出現了,他們進入網絡世界構建的數字,代表金錢和複雜的規則,這些數字可以轉化成一種看似無限種類的金融工具,每個國家都有它自己獨特的風險和生殖素質。 Through their interactions, the players engage in competitive transactions aimed at acquiring for their own accounts the money that other players hold.通過他們的互動,球員參與競爭的交易,以獲取自己的賬戶的錢,其他球員擱置。

Players can also pyramid the amount of money in play by borrowing from one another and bidding up prices.運動員也可以金字塔的款項中發揮借用彼此和投標價格的上漲。 Indeed, the money game players have been so successful in creating play money that for every $1 now circulating in the productive world economy of real goods and services, it is estimated that there is $20 to $50 circulating in the world of pure finance–”investment” funds completely delinked from the creation of real value.事實上,金錢遊戲已經非常成功,創造發揮資金,對每1美元現在流傳在生產世界經濟的實際貨物和服務,據估計,有20美元至50美元流傳在世界上的純金融“投資“資金完全脫鉤,建立真正的價值。 In the international currency markets alone, some $800 billion to $1 trillion changes hands each day–unrelated to productive investment or trade in actual goods and services.在國際貨幣市場,僅約8000億美元至1萬億美元修改的手每一天,無關的生產性投資或貿易的實際貨物和服務。

Not only is the money game challenging and fun, the play money it generates can be exchanged for real money to buy things from people who work in the real world–lots of things.不僅是金錢遊戲具有挑戰性和樂趣,發揮資金的產生可以交換真正的金錢買東西的人誰的工作在現實世界中,很多事情。 Unfortunately for the rest of us, though it is played like a game and the transactions involve nothing more than moving numbers from one electronic account to another through a global web of computers, the money game has enormous real consequences.不幸的是,我們其餘的,儘管它的表現就像是遊戲和交易涉及只不過移動數字從一個電子帳戶,另一個通過一個全球網絡的計算機,金錢遊戲有巨大的實際後果。 Take the recent Mexican peso crisis as an example.就拿最近墨西哥比索危機就是一個例子。

Mexico became touted as an economic miracle by attracting $70 billion in foreign money over five years with high interest bonds and a super heated stock market.墨西哥成為吹捧為一個經濟奇蹟吸引700億美元的外國資金在5年內與高利息債券和一個超級大國激烈的股票市場。 As little as 10 percent of this money went into real investment.只有百分之十的錢進入房地產投資。 Most of it financed consumer imports, capital flight, and debt service payments.大多數消費者資助的進口,資本外逃,並還本付息。 It also helped to create 24 Mexican billionaires.它還幫助建立24個墨西哥億萬富翁。 The bubble burst in December of 1994 as the hot money flowed out.泡沫破滅在1994年12月作為熱錢流出。 Mexico’s stock market and the value of the peso plummeted.墨西哥股市的價值比索暴跌。 The resulting Mexican austerity measures and a shifting terms of trade between Mexico and the United States resulted in massive job losses on both sides of the border.由此產生的緊縮措施,墨西哥和轉移的貿易條件之間的墨西哥和美國造成大規模裁員雙方的邊界。 US president Clinton put together a $50 billion bailout package at taxpayer expense to assure that the Wall Street firms that held Mexican bonds would be repaid.美國總統克林頓把500億美元的一攬子援助納稅人的犧牲,以確保華爾街公司舉行的墨西哥債券將予以償還。 The new link between the dollar and the peso made currency speculators nervous and the value of the dollar fell sharply against the yen.新之間的聯繫,美元和比索取得貨幣投機者緊張和美元的價值大幅下跌收於1099.26點。 Not a penny of the bailout money went to the 750,000 Mexicans who would be put out of work by government imposed austerity measures or the million Americans expected to lose their jobs to NAFTA by the end of 1995.沒有一分錢的救助資金到750000墨西哥人誰是熄的工作由政府實行緊縮措施或萬美國人將失去他們的工作,以北美自由貿易協定到1995年底。

These are real world consequences of an out of control financial system in which reckless young traders backed by the massive financial assets of leading private financial institutions send billions of dollars sloshing around the world in a high stacks gambling frenzy with an almost complete absence of oversight.這些都是現實世界的後果,失去控制的金融體系中魯莽的年輕投資者支持的大規模金融資產的領先的私人金融機構發送了數十億美元晃動在世界各地的高棧賭博的狂熱幾乎完全沒有監督。

  • At Kidder Peabody, a major US investment house, a lone trader reported $1.7 trillion in phony trades over a period of 2½ years before his superiors noticed anything amiss.在基德爾皮博迪,美國一家主要投資公司,一名交易員報告一萬七千點零億美元在虛假的交易了為期2年半之前,他的上司發現什麼不對勁。 During this period he claimed he had earned the firm $350 million in profits, for which he was rewarded with an $11 million bonus.在此期間,他聲稱他獲得了該公司3.5億美元的利潤,而他獲得了1100萬美元的獎金。 Only later was it found that he had in fact lost the company $85 million on the few trades he had actually made.只有後來發現,他實際上已經失去了該公司8500萬美元的幾個行業,他實際上已經作出。
  • In one month a 28 year old trader at Barings bank lost $1.3 billion on bad derivatives bets and forced a venerated 233 year old bank into bankruptcy.在一個月的28歲的交易員在巴林銀行損失13億美元的不良衍生物賭注,並強迫一名崇敬二三三年舊的銀行破產。

The global financial system is wildly out of control and no one is tending the store.全球金融體系是瘋狂失去控制,沒有人照顧的商店。

SOCIALIZING COSTS AND PRIVATIZING GAINS應酬費用和私有化收益

In a deregulated global market economy global corporations are accountable to only one master, a rogue global financial system with one incessant demand–keep your stock price as high as possible by maximizing short-term returns.在放鬆管制的全球市場經濟是全球性的公司負責,只有一個主人,一個無賴全球金融體系的一個不斷的需求,讓您的股票價格盡可能高的最大化的短期回報。 One way to do that is to shift as much of the cost of the corporation’s operations as possible onto the community.其中一個辦法就是改變了費用的公司的業務盡可能到社區。 The pressures involved make it almost impossible to manage a corporation in the larger community interest.參與的壓力使它幾乎是不可能管理一家公司在更大的社會利益。 Indeed, any publicly traded corporation that attempts to manage its assets responsibly will almost certainly be bought out by a corporate raider.事實上,任何上市公司,試圖以管理其資產負責任幾乎肯定會被收購的企業狙擊手。

Take the case of Pacific Lumber Company.採取的情況下太平洋木材公司。 It pioneered the development of sustainable logging practices on its substantial holdings of ancient redwood timber stands, provided generous benefits to its employees, fully funded its pension fund, and maintained a no lay-offs policy during downturns in the timber market.它開創了發展可持續的伐木的做法就其持有的大量古老的紅木木材站,提供了慷慨的利益,其僱員,全額資助其養老基金,並保持不裁員政策在衰退中的木材市場。 This made it a good citizen in the local community.這使得一個好公民在當地社區。 It also made it a prime takeover target.它還一個主要的收購目標。

Corporate raider Charles Hurwitz gained control in a hostile takeover.企業狙擊手查爾斯赫爾維茨上漲控制在一個敵意收購。 He immediately doubled the cutting rate of the company’s holding of thousand-year-old trees, reaming a mile and a half corridor into the middle of the forest that he jeeringly named “Our wildlife-biologist study trail.” He then drained $55 million from the company’s $93 million pension fund and invested the remaining $38 million in annuities of the Executive Life Insurance Company, which had financed the junk bonds used to make the purchase–and subsequently failed.他立即增加了一倍切割速度該公司舉行的1000歲的樹木,擴孔一英里半到走廊中間的森林,他jeeringly名為“我們的野生動物生物學家的研究線索。 ”然後,他耗盡55美元萬來自該公司的9300萬美元養老基金和投資,其餘3800萬美元的年金執行人壽保險公司,它資助了垃圾債券用於購買和後來失敗了。 Turning reality on its head, corporate raiders refer to this process of pirating a firm’s assets as “adding value.”在談到現實的頭部,襲擊者是指企業對這一進程的盜版公司的資產“增值” 。

Once upon a time local communities looked to corporations not only as sources of jobs, but as well of tax revenues to help cover the costs of essential local infrastructure and public services.曾幾何時當地社區期待公司不僅作為來源的就業機會,但以及稅收,以幫助支付費用的重要地方基礎設施和公共服務。 For example, in 1957, corporations in the United States provided 45 percent of local property tax revenues.例如,在1957年,公司在美國提供百分之四十五的地方財產稅收入。 By 1987 their share had dropped to about 16 percent.到1987年其份額已下降到約百分之十六。

Indeed, local governments are now forced by the dynamics of global competition not only to give most large corporations tax breaks, but as well to directly subsidize their operations with public funds.事實上,地方政府現在被迫由動態的全球競爭不僅給最大型企業減稅,但也直接補貼,其業務與公共資金。

The state of South Carolina in the United States has been warmly praised by the business press for its successful competitive bid for a new BMW auto plant.州南卡羅來納州在美國受到熱烈稱讚的商業新聞的競爭中勝出的成功為新的寶馬汽車廠。 The company was attracted in part by cheap, nonunion labor and tax concessions.該公司吸引了部分廉價勞動力和骨不連稅項寬減。 In addition, when BMW said it favored a 1,000 acre tract on which a large number of middle class homes were already located, the state spent $36.6 million to buy the 140 properties and leased the site back to the company at a $1 a year.此外,當寶馬表示,主張一零零零英畝上消化道大量的中產階級家庭已經找到,國家花費3 660萬美元購買140性能和租用的網站到該公司在一年一美元。 The state also picked up the costs of recruiting, screening, and training workers for the new plant, and raised an additional $2.8 million from private sources to send newly hired engineers for training in Germany.國家還同時獲得了成本的招募,篩選,培訓工人的新廠,並提出了額外的280萬美元,從私人來源向新僱用的工程師在德國訓練。 The total cost to the South Carolina taxpayers for these and other subsidies to attract BMW will amount to $130 million over thirty years.總費用的南卡羅來納州的納稅人為這些和其他補貼,以吸引寶馬將達到1.3億美元超過30年。

This is what global competition is really about–local communities and workers competing against one another to absorb ever more of the production costs of the world’s most powerful and profitable corporations.這是全球競爭實際上是當地社區和工人的相互競爭,以吸納更多的生產成本是世界上最強大和最有利可圖的公司。

Another tactic for externalizing costs is through “downsizing”–a process by which the US Fortune 500 companies reduced their total employment by 4.4 million jobs between 1980 and 1993–a period during which their sales increased by 1.4 times, assets increased by 2.3 times, and CEO compensation increased by 6.1 times.另一個策略的外部成本是通過“減員”的過程,美國財富500強企業減少了它們的總就業人數為4.4萬個就業機會從1980年到1993年期間在這期間他們的銷售額增長了1.4倍,資產增加2.3倍,和首席執行官的補償增加了6.1倍。 Some observers claim that downsizing means the largest corporations are losing out to smaller, more agile and competitive enterprises.一些觀察家稱,裁員是指大企業都輸給了小,更敏捷,競爭力的企業。 The claim has as much substance as the claim by tobacco company executives that cigarettes are not addictive.索賠高達物質的要求煙草公司經理,捲菸是不會上癮的。

While the giants are shedding people, they are not shedding control over money, markets, or technology.雖然巨頭們也脫落的人,他們沒有脫落的控制權錢,市場,或技術。 The world’s 200 largest industrial corporations, which employ only one third of one percent of the world’s population, control 25 percent of the world’s economic output.世界200家最大工業公司,僱用只有三分之一的人佔世界總人口的百分之二十五控制世界經濟的產出。 The top 300 transnationals, excluding financial institutions, own some 25 percent of the world’s productive assets.前300名跨國公司,不包括金融機構,擁有約25個佔世界生產性資產。 Of the world’s 100 largest economies, 51 are now corporations–not including banking and financial institutions.世界上100個最大的經濟體, 51個現公司,但不包括銀行和金融機構。 The combined assets of the world’s 50 largest commercial banks and diversified financial companies amount to nearly 60 percent of The Economist’s estimate of a $20 trillion global stock of productive capital.合併後資產的世界50家最大的商業銀行和多元化的金融公司數量的近百分之六十的經濟學家的預期的二十〇萬點零零億美元全球股市的生產性資本。

Concentration of control over markets is proceeding apace.濃度的控制權市場正在迅速推進。 The Economist reports that in the consumer durables, automotive, airline, aerospace, electronic components, electrical and electronics, and steel industries the top five firms control more than 50 percent of the global market, placing them clearly in the category of monopolistic industries.經濟學人報告說,在耐用消費品,汽車,航空,航天,電子元器件,電氣和電子,鋼鐵行業的五大公司控制百分之五十以上的全球市場,使他們清楚地類別的壟斷行業。 In the oil, personal computers and media industries the top five firms control more than 40 percent of sales, which indicates strong monopolistic tendencies.在石油,個人電腦和媒體行業的五大公司控制百分之四十以上的銷售額,這表明強大的壟斷趨勢。

Downsizing is really about consolidating the firm’s monopoly control of markets, technology, and money in a small, well-paid headquarters staff.縮編實際上是鞏固該公司的壟斷控制市場,技術和資金在一個小的,支付總部的工作人員。 Everything else is contracted out to smaller firms that are forced into intensive competition for the firm’s business.一切是承包給小企業的被迫陷入激烈競爭的公司的業務。 The contractors–commonly located in low wage countries–compete by hiring workers at substandard wages under often appalling working conditions.這些工程的承建商,通常設在低工資國家的競爭,僱用工人的工資標準下往往令人震驚的工作條件。

For example, the popular Nike athletic shoes that sell for US$73 to $135 around the world are produced by 75,000 workers employed by independent contractors in low income countries.例如,流行的耐克運動鞋的銷售,美國73美元至135美元,世界各地生產的7.5萬工人的獨立承包商在低收入國家。 A substantial portion of these workers are in Indonesia–mostly women and girls housed in company barracks, paid as little as 15 cents an hour, and required to work mandatory overtime.大部分這些工人在印尼的大多數是婦女和女童住在公司的營房,支付只要15美分一小時,並須強制性加班工作。 Unions are forbidden and strikes are broken up by the military.禁止工會和罷工的打破了軍隊。 In 1992, Michael Jordan reportedly received $20 million from the Nike corporation to promote the sale of its shoes, more than the total compensation paid to the Indonesian women who made them.在1992年,邁克爾喬丹收到2000萬美元的耐克公司,以促進銷售的鞋,超過總賠償支付給印尼婦女是誰在。

An unregulated global market is shifting the financial rewards away from those who do productive work to those who control money and are successful at convincing people to buy what they do not need and often cannot afford.一個不受管制的全球市場正轉向財政獎勵遠離那些誰富有成效的工作做的那些誰控制洗錢,並成功說服人們去購買什麼,他們並不需要,而且往往付不起。 This goes to the heart of growing income disparities around the world.這涉及到核心的收入差距不斷擴大在世界各地。

The world’s most powerful corporations are also active in shaping public policy in ways that virtually forces us into a pattern of overconsumption that yields large profits to themselves at the expense of our quality of living.世界上最強大的企業也積極參與公共政策形成的方式,幾乎迫使我們成為一個模式,過度消費是產量大的利潤,以自己的犧牲我們的生活質量。 Evidence is mounting that to make our societies sustainable we will have to restructure our systems of production and consumption to largely eliminate:證據越來越多,為了使我們的社會可持續的,我們必須調整我們的系統的生產和消費在很大程度上消除:

  • Dependence on personal automobiles;依賴於個人汽車;
  • Long distance movement of goods and people;長途貨物運輸和人民;
  • The use of chemicals in agriculture; and使用農業化學品;和
  • The generation of garbage that we cannot immediately recycle.產生的垃圾,我們不能立即回收再利用。

In each instance, we have an opportunity to substantially increase the quality of our living while reducing our burden on the environment.在每一種情況中,我們有機會大大增加我們的生活,同時減少我們的負擔對環境的影響。 Why aren’t we doing it?為什麼我們不能這樣做呢? Who wants to give over their living spaces to automobiles, take long business trips, eat contaminated foods, or live in a garbage dump?誰願意讓自己的生活空間,汽車,採取長期出差,吃受污染的食品,或生活在一個垃圾場?

One important reason we live this way is because it is profitable for politically powerful corporations.重要原因之一,我們的生活這樣,是因為它是有利可圖的政治勢力強大的跨國公司。 For example, the steel, automobile, construction, and oil companies have a major stake in policies that make survival without an automobile nearly impossible in most of our towns and cities.例如,鋼鐵,汽車,建築,石油企業有重大的股權政策,使生存的汽車幾乎不可能在我國大多數城鎮和城市。 Chemical and agribusiness companies have had a similar stake in maintaining chemical and energy intensive agriculture systems that provide us with foods of dubious nutritional value laced with toxic poisons.化工和農業公司也有類似的股權,保持化學和能源密集的農業系統,為我們提供了食品的營養價值令人懷疑含有有毒的毒藥。 Other industries benefit from encouraging our use of excessively packaged low durability products.其他行業受益於鼓勵我們使用過度包裝產品的耐用性低。 So long as these corporate interests are allowed to dominate public policy processes, change is unlikely.只要這些公司的利益可以主導公共政策過程,改變是不太可能的。 Global civil society is mobilizing to reclaim the power that these interests have co-opted.全球公民社會正在動員收回的權力,這些利益增選。


Have Your Say: When Corporations Rule the World 你說:當公司統治世界
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Maximus 馬克西穆斯 commented on: 評論:
Israel threatens Iran with destruction 以色列威脅與破壞伊朗
Does anyone else like this analogy? 別人是否像這樣的比喻? Israel threatening Iran, is like a gun and knife toting drunken... 以色列威脅伊朗,就像是槍和刀toting喝醉...
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HellnBack HellnBack commented on: 評論:
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children 5 times more likely is what i ment to say 兒童的5倍更有可能是我要說精神
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