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When Corporations Rule the World当公司统治世界

Monday, September 22nd, 2008 星期一, 2008年9月22日

PCDF呋喃 | Those of us who seek to intervene in policy debates in favor of economic justice and environmentally sustainability are regularly assured by the world’s power brokers that they are fully committed to these goals so long as economic growth and the expansion of free trade are not compromised by governmental restraints on the market. |我们这些谁寻求干预政策辩论有利于经济正义和环境的可持续性是定期保证世界上的权力掮客,他们完全致力于实现这些目标,只要经济增长和扩大的自由贸易是不由于政府的限制在市场上。 So sacred have growth and free trade become in our modern culture that only rarely do we find the courage to ask why they should be given precedence over the needs of people and nature.因此,神圣的增长和自由贸易成为我国现代文化,只有很少这样做,我们找到勇气问,为什么他们应该考虑凌驾于人民的需要和性质。 Indeed, why should we consider accelerating growth and trade to be of any importance at all except to the extent that they serve people and nature?事实上,我们为什么要考虑加速增长和贸易的重要性的任何除在所有的程度,他们为人民服务和性质?

When the proponents of growth, market deregulation, and free trade tout their benefits, it is well to bear in mind what some of the most outspoken of these proponents really have in mind.当支持者的增长,放松市场管制,并宣扬自由贸易的好处,这是很好地铭记一些最直言不讳的这些支持者真的有一点。 Take this account from a recent issue of Forbes magazine.采取此帐户从新近出版的福布斯杂志。

As disillusion with socialism and other forms of statist economics spreads, private, personal initiative is being released to seek its destiny.随着社会主义幻灭和其他形式的中央集权经济的蔓延,私营,个人倡议正在寻求释放自己的命运。 Wealth, naturally, follows.财富,自然如下。 The two big openings for free enterprise in this decade have come in Latin America and the Far East.两个大开口的自由企业在这十年来在拉丁美洲和远东地区。 Not surprisingly, the biggest clusters of new billionaires on our list have risen from the ferment of these two regions.不足为奇的是,最大的集群新的亿万富翁我们的名单上已经上升到了发酵的这两个地区。 Eleven new Mexican billionaires in two years, seven more ethnic Chinese.墨西哥11个新的亿万富翁两年来, 7个多种族中国。

Taking a slightly more populist view, Business Week presented its own special report titled “A Millionaire a Minute,” providing this breathless account of what the free market has accomplished in Asia.纵观略多民粹主义的观点,商业周刊提出了自己的特别报告,题为“百万富翁一分钟, ”提供这种气喘吁吁到什么自由市场已完成了在亚洲。

Wealth..财富.. . . Now East Asia is generating its own wealth on a speed and scale that probably is without historical precedent.现在,东亚是其自身产生的财富进行了速度和规模,大概是没有历史的先例。 The number of non-Japanese Asian multimillionaires is expected to double to 800,000 by 1996.在一些非日本的亚洲富翁预计将翻一番,达到800000到1996年。 . . . East Asia will surpass Japan in purchasing power within a decade.东亚将超过日本的购买力在十年之内。 . . . There are new markets for everything from Mercedes Benz cars to Motorola mobile phones to Fidelity mutual funds.有新的市场,从奔驰的汽车,摩托罗拉手机,富达共同基金。 . . . To find the nearest precedent, you need to rewind US history 100 years to the days before strong unions, securities watchdogs and antitrust laws.若要寻找最近的先例,你需要倒带美国历史上100年到前几天强有力的工会,证券监管机构和反托拉斯法。

Neither article made more than passing reference to the 675 million Asians who continue to live in absolute deprivation.既不提出文章以上提及的6.75亿亚洲人谁继续生活在绝对贫困。 So there we have it.因此,我们有它。 In the eyes of two leading business journals, economic success is about creating millionaires and billionaires by denying workers the right to organize independent unions and giving free reign to securities fraud and the extraction of monopoly profits.眼中的两个领先的商业杂志,经济上的成功是创造百万富翁和亿万富翁否认工人有权组织独立工会和免费统治,以证券欺诈和提取的垄断利润。

Most everyone is aware that we live in an unequal world.大部分大家都知道,我们生活在一个不平等的世界。 Few realize, however, just how extreme the inequality has become or how fast the gap between the poor and the super rich is growing.很少认识到,然而,如何极端的不平等已经成为或有多快贫富差距的超级日益丰富。 Forbes tells us the world now has 358 billionaires.福布斯告诉我们,世界上现在有358名亿万富翁。 Their combined net worth exceeds the combined net worth of the world’s poorest 2½ billion people.其合并资产净值超过了净值世界上最贫穷的2.5亿人。 This is but one manifestation of the extreme economic and social distortions created by the globalized free market economy idealized by business publications such as Forbes and Business Week.这只是体现了极其严重的经济和社会所造成的扭曲全球化的自由市场经济理想化的商业出版物,如福布斯和商业周刊。

Evidence is mounting that economic growth and free trade are not leading us toward economic justice and environmental sustainability.证据越来越多,经济增长和自由贸易是没有领导我们走向经济正义和环境的可持续性。 To the contrary, they are taking us in the direction of increasing economic injustice and environmental unsustainability.相反,他们正在我们的方向增加经济上的不公正和环境不可持续的。 The debates over jobs versus the environment miss a basic point.在辩论的工作与环境错过任何一个基本点。 Assuring everyone the means to meet their basic needs and achieving a sustainable balance with the environment are mutually supportive goals.保证每个人的手段来满足其基本需要和实现可持续的平衡与环境是相互支持的目标。 Indeed, there are powerful theoretical arguments why, in a resource scarce world, neither is possible without the other.事实上,有强大的理论论据,为什么在资源稀缺的世界,也不是不可能的。 There is, however, an irreconcilable conflict between the goal of creating economically just and environmentally sustainable societies and embracing sustained economic growth, unregulated markets, and free trade as the organizing principles of public policy.然而,一个不可调和的冲突的目标是创造经济公正和环境上可持续的社会和拥抱经济持续增长,无市场,自由贸易的组织原则的公共政策。 The resulting policies are well suited to producing more millionaires and billionaires.由此产生的政策很适合于生产更多的百万富翁和亿万富翁。 They are ill suited to achieving justice and sustainability.他们生病适合于实现公正和持久性。

THE MONEY GAME在金钱游戏

The world’s most powerful instrument of governance is not a government.世界上最强大的工具,管理是不是一个政府。 Nor is it a global corporation.它也不是一个全球性的公司。 Rather it is a global financial system that is running dangerously out of control.相反,它是一个全球性的金融体制,运行危险失去控制。

Each day half a million to a million people–primarily Western Europeans, North Americans, and Japanese–arise as dawn reaches their part of the world, turn on their computers, and leave the real world of people, things, and nature to immerse themselves in playing the world’s most lucrative computer game: the money game.每天50万到100万人,主要是西欧,北美,日本,出现曙光达到他们的世界的一部分,把他们的电脑上,并离开现实世界中的人,事,沉浸在大自然本身发挥世界上最有利可图的电脑游戏:在金钱游戏。 As their computers come on line, they enter a world of cyberspace constructed of numbers that represent money and complex rules by which those numbers can be converted into a seemingly infinite variety of financial instruments, each with its own distinctive risks and reproductive qualities.至于他们的电脑就出现了,他们进入网络世界构建的数字,代表金钱和复杂的规则,这些数字可以转化成一种看似无限种类的金融工具,每个国家都有它自己独特的风险和生殖素质。 Through their interactions, the players engage in competitive transactions aimed at acquiring for their own accounts the money that other players hold.通过他们的互动,球员参与竞争的交易,以获取自己的账户的钱,其他球员搁置。

Players can also pyramid the amount of money in play by borrowing from one another and bidding up prices.运动员也可以金字塔的款项中发挥借用彼此和投标价格的上涨。 Indeed, the money game players have been so successful in creating play money that for every $1 now circulating in the productive world economy of real goods and services, it is estimated that there is $20 to $50 circulating in the world of pure finance–”investment” funds completely delinked from the creation of real value.事实上,金钱游戏已经非常成功,创造发挥资金,对每1美元现在流传在生产世界经济的实际货物和服务,据估计,有20美元至50美元流传在世界上的纯金融“投资“资金完全脱钩,建立真正的价值。 In the international currency markets alone, some $800 billion to $1 trillion changes hands each day–unrelated to productive investment or trade in actual goods and services.在国际货币市场,仅约8000亿美元至1万亿美元修改的手每一天,无关的生产性投资或贸易的实际货物和服务。

Not only is the money game challenging and fun, the play money it generates can be exchanged for real money to buy things from people who work in the real world–lots of things.不仅是金钱游戏具有挑战性和乐趣,发挥资金的产生可以交换真正的金钱买东西的人谁的工作在现实世界中,很多事情。 Unfortunately for the rest of us, though it is played like a game and the transactions involve nothing more than moving numbers from one electronic account to another through a global web of computers, the money game has enormous real consequences.不幸的是,我们其余的,尽管它的表现就像是游戏和交易涉及只不过移动数字从一个电子帐户,另一个通过一个全球网络的计算机,金钱游戏有巨大的实际后果。 Take the recent Mexican peso crisis as an example.就拿最近墨西哥比索危机就是一个例子。

Mexico became touted as an economic miracle by attracting $70 billion in foreign money over five years with high interest bonds and a super heated stock market.墨西哥成为吹捧为一个经济奇迹吸引700亿美元的外国资金在5年内与高利息债券和一个超级大国激烈的股票市场。 As little as 10 percent of this money went into real investment.只有百分之十的钱进入房地产投资。 Most of it financed consumer imports, capital flight, and debt service payments.大多数消费者资助的进口,资本外逃,并还本付息。 It also helped to create 24 Mexican billionaires.它还帮助建立24个墨西哥亿万富翁。 The bubble burst in December of 1994 as the hot money flowed out.泡沫破灭在1994年12月作为热钱流出。 Mexico’s stock market and the value of the peso plummeted.墨西哥股市的价值比索暴跌。 The resulting Mexican austerity measures and a shifting terms of trade between Mexico and the United States resulted in massive job losses on both sides of the border.由此产生的紧缩措施,墨西哥和转移的贸易条件之间的墨西哥和美国造成大规模裁员双方的边界。 US president Clinton put together a $50 billion bailout package at taxpayer expense to assure that the Wall Street firms that held Mexican bonds would be repaid.美国总统克林顿把500亿美元的一揽子援助纳税人的牺牲,以确保华尔街公司举行的墨西哥债券将予以偿还。 The new link between the dollar and the peso made currency speculators nervous and the value of the dollar fell sharply against the yen.新之间的联系,美元和比索取得货币投机者紧张和美元的价值大幅下跌收于1099.26点。 Not a penny of the bailout money went to the 750,000 Mexicans who would be put out of work by government imposed austerity measures or the million Americans expected to lose their jobs to NAFTA by the end of 1995.没有一分钱的救助资金到750000墨西哥人谁是熄的工作由政府实行紧缩措施或万美国人将失去他们的工作,以北美自由贸易协定到1995年底。

These are real world consequences of an out of control financial system in which reckless young traders backed by the massive financial assets of leading private financial institutions send billions of dollars sloshing around the world in a high stacks gambling frenzy with an almost complete absence of oversight.这些都是现实世界的后果,失去控制的金融体系中鲁莽的年轻投资者支持的大规模金融资产的领先的私人金融机构发送了数十亿美元晃动在世界各地的高栈赌博的狂热几乎完全没有监督。

  • At Kidder Peabody, a major US investment house, a lone trader reported $1.7 trillion in phony trades over a period of 2½ years before his superiors noticed anything amiss.在基德尔皮博迪,美国一家主要投资公司,一名交易员报告一万七千点零亿美元在虚假的交易了为期2年半之前,他的上司发现什么不对劲。 During this period he claimed he had earned the firm $350 million in profits, for which he was rewarded with an $11 million bonus.在此期间,他声称他获得了该公司3.5亿美元的利润,而他获得了1100万美元的奖金。 Only later was it found that he had in fact lost the company $85 million on the few trades he had actually made.只有后来发现,他实际上已经失去了该公司8500万美元的几个行业,他实际上已经作出。
  • In one month a 28 year old trader at Barings bank lost $1.3 billion on bad derivatives bets and forced a venerated 233 year old bank into bankruptcy.在一个月的28岁的交易员在巴林银行损失13亿美元的不良衍生物赌注,并强迫一名崇敬233年旧的银行破产。

The global financial system is wildly out of control and no one is tending the store.全球金融体系是疯狂失去控制,没有人照顾的商店。

SOCIALIZING COSTS AND PRIVATIZING GAINS应酬费用和私有化收益

In a deregulated global market economy global corporations are accountable to only one master, a rogue global financial system with one incessant demand–keep your stock price as high as possible by maximizing short-term returns.在放松管制的全球市场经济是全球性的公司负责,只有一个主人,一个无赖全球金融体系的一个不断的需求,让您的股票价格尽可能高的最大化的短期回报。 One way to do that is to shift as much of the cost of the corporation’s operations as possible onto the community.其中一个办法就是改变了费用的公司的业务尽可能到社区。 The pressures involved make it almost impossible to manage a corporation in the larger community interest.参与的压力使它几乎是不可能管理一家公司在更大的社会利益。 Indeed, any publicly traded corporation that attempts to manage its assets responsibly will almost certainly be bought out by a corporate raider.事实上,任何上市公司,试图以管理其资产负责任几乎肯定会被收购的企业狙击手。

Take the case of Pacific Lumber Company.采取的情况下太平洋木材公司。 It pioneered the development of sustainable logging practices on its substantial holdings of ancient redwood timber stands, provided generous benefits to its employees, fully funded its pension fund, and maintained a no lay-offs policy during downturns in the timber market.它开创了发展可持续的伐木的做法就其持有的大量古老的红木木材站,提供了慷慨的利益,其雇员,全额资助其养老基金,并保持不裁员政策在衰退中的木材市场。 This made it a good citizen in the local community.这使得一个好公民在当地社区。 It also made it a prime takeover target.它还一个主要的收购目标。

Corporate raider Charles Hurwitz gained control in a hostile takeover.企业狙击手查尔斯赫尔维茨上涨控制在一个敌意收购。 He immediately doubled the cutting rate of the company’s holding of thousand-year-old trees, reaming a mile and a half corridor into the middle of the forest that he jeeringly named “Our wildlife-biologist study trail.” He then drained $55 million from the company’s $93 million pension fund and invested the remaining $38 million in annuities of the Executive Life Insurance Company, which had financed the junk bonds used to make the purchase–and subsequently failed.他立即增加了一倍切割速度该公司举行的1000岁的树木,扩孔一英里半到走廊中间的森林,他jeeringly名为“我们的野生动物生物学家的研究线索。 ”然后,他耗尽55美元万来自该公司的9300万美元养老基金和投资,其余3800万美元的年金执行人寿保险公司,它资助了垃圾债券用于购买和后来失败了。 Turning reality on its head, corporate raiders refer to this process of pirating a firm’s assets as “adding value.”在谈到现实的头部,袭击者是指企业对这一进程的盗版公司的资产“增值” 。

Once upon a time local communities looked to corporations not only as sources of jobs, but as well of tax revenues to help cover the costs of essential local infrastructure and public services.曾几何时当地社区期待公司不仅作为来源的就业机会,但以及税收,以帮助支付费用的重要地方基础设施和公共服务。 For example, in 1957, corporations in the United States provided 45 percent of local property tax revenues.例如,在1957年,公司在美国提供百分之四十五的地方财产税收入。 By 1987 their share had dropped to about 16 percent.到1987年其份额已下降到约百分之十六。

Indeed, local governments are now forced by the dynamics of global competition not only to give most large corporations tax breaks, but as well to directly subsidize their operations with public funds.事实上,地方政府现在被迫由动态的全球竞争不仅给最大型企业减税,但也直接补贴,其业务与公共资金。

The state of South Carolina in the United States has been warmly praised by the business press for its successful competitive bid for a new BMW auto plant.州南卡罗来纳州在美国受到热烈称赞的商业新闻的竞争中胜出的成功为新的宝马汽车厂。 The company was attracted in part by cheap, nonunion labor and tax concessions.该公司吸引了部分廉价劳动力和骨不连税项宽减。 In addition, when BMW said it favored a 1,000 acre tract on which a large number of middle class homes were already located, the state spent $36.6 million to buy the 140 properties and leased the site back to the company at a $1 a year.此外,当宝马表示,主张一〇 〇 〇英亩上消化道大量的中产阶级家庭已经找到,国家花费3 660万美元购买140性能和租用的网站到该公司在一年一美元。 The state also picked up the costs of recruiting, screening, and training workers for the new plant, and raised an additional $2.8 million from private sources to send newly hired engineers for training in Germany.国家还同时获得了成本的招募,筛选,培训工人的新厂,并提出了额外的280万美元,从私人来源向新雇用的工程师在德国训练。 The total cost to the South Carolina taxpayers for these and other subsidies to attract BMW will amount to $130 million over thirty years.总费用的南卡罗来纳州的纳税人为这些和其他补贴,以吸引宝马将达到1.3亿美元超过30年。

This is what global competition is really about–local communities and workers competing against one another to absorb ever more of the production costs of the world’s most powerful and profitable corporations.这是全球竞争实际上是当地社区和工人的相互竞争,以吸纳更多的生产成本是世界上最强大和最有利可图的公司。

Another tactic for externalizing costs is through “downsizing”–a process by which the US Fortune 500 companies reduced their total employment by 4.4 million jobs between 1980 and 1993–a period during which their sales increased by 1.4 times, assets increased by 2.3 times, and CEO compensation increased by 6.1 times.另一个策略的外部成本是通过“减员”的过程,美国财富500强企业减少了它们的总就业人数为4.4万个就业机会从1980年到1993年期间在这期间他们的销售额增长了1.4倍,资产增加2.3倍,和首席执行官的补偿增加了6.1倍。 Some observers claim that downsizing means the largest corporations are losing out to smaller, more agile and competitive enterprises.一些观察家称,裁员是指大企业都输给了小,更敏捷,竞争力的企业。 The claim has as much substance as the claim by tobacco company executives that cigarettes are not addictive.索赔高达物质的要求烟草公司经理,卷烟是不会上瘾的。

While the giants are shedding people, they are not shedding control over money, markets, or technology.虽然巨头们也脱落的人,他们没有脱落的控制权钱,市场,或技术。 The world’s 200 largest industrial corporations, which employ only one third of one percent of the world’s population, control 25 percent of the world’s economic output.世界200家最大工业公司,雇用只有三分之一的人占世界总人口的百分之二十五控制世界经济的产出。 The top 300 transnationals, excluding financial institutions, own some 25 percent of the world’s productive assets.前300名跨国公司,不包括金融机构,拥有约25个占世界生产性资产。 Of the world’s 100 largest economies, 51 are now corporations–not including banking and financial institutions.世界上100个最大的经济体, 51个现公司,但不包括银行和金融机构。 The combined assets of the world’s 50 largest commercial banks and diversified financial companies amount to nearly 60 percent of The Economist’s estimate of a $20 trillion global stock of productive capital.合并后资产的世界50家最大的商业银行和多元化的金融公司数量的近百分之六十的经济学家的预期的二十〇万点零零亿美元全球股市的生产性资本。

Concentration of control over markets is proceeding apace.浓度的控制权市场正在迅速推进。 The Economist reports that in the consumer durables, automotive, airline, aerospace, electronic components, electrical and electronics, and steel industries the top five firms control more than 50 percent of the global market, placing them clearly in the category of monopolistic industries.经济学人报告说,在耐用消费品,汽车,航空,航天,电子元器件,电气和电子,钢铁行业的五大公司控制百分之五十以上的全球市场,使他们清楚地类别的垄断行业。 In the oil, personal computers and media industries the top five firms control more than 40 percent of sales, which indicates strong monopolistic tendencies.在石油,个人电脑和媒体行业的五大公司控制百分之四十以上的销售额,这表明强大的垄断趋势。

Downsizing is really about consolidating the firm’s monopoly control of markets, technology, and money in a small, well-paid headquarters staff.缩编实际上是巩固该公司的垄断控制市场,技术和资金在一个小的,支付总部的工作人员。 Everything else is contracted out to smaller firms that are forced into intensive competition for the firm’s business.一切是承包给小企业的被迫陷入激烈竞争的公司的业务。 The contractors–commonly located in low wage countries–compete by hiring workers at substandard wages under often appalling working conditions.这些工程的承建商,通常设在低工资国家的竞争,雇用工人的工资标准下往往令人震惊的工作条件。

For example, the popular Nike athletic shoes that sell for US$73 to $135 around the world are produced by 75,000 workers employed by independent contractors in low income countries.例如,流行的耐克运动鞋的销售,美国73美元至135美元,世界各地生产的7.5万工人的独立承包商在低收入国家。 A substantial portion of these workers are in Indonesia–mostly women and girls housed in company barracks, paid as little as 15 cents an hour, and required to work mandatory overtime.大部分这些工人在印尼的大多数是妇女和女童住在公司的营房,支付只要15美分一小时,并须强制性加班工作。 Unions are forbidden and strikes are broken up by the military.禁止工会和罢工的打破了军队。 In 1992, Michael Jordan reportedly received $20 million from the Nike corporation to promote the sale of its shoes, more than the total compensation paid to the Indonesian women who made them.在1992年,迈克尔乔丹收到2000万美元的耐克公司,以促进销售的鞋,超过总赔偿支付给印尼妇女是谁在。

An unregulated global market is shifting the financial rewards away from those who do productive work to those who control money and are successful at convincing people to buy what they do not need and often cannot afford.一个不受管制的全球市场正转向财政奖励远离那些谁富有成效的工作做的那些谁控制洗钱,并成功说服人们去购买什么,他们并不需要,而且往往付不起。 This goes to the heart of growing income disparities around the world.这涉及到核心的收入差距不断扩大在世界各地。

The world’s most powerful corporations are also active in shaping public policy in ways that virtually forces us into a pattern of overconsumption that yields large profits to themselves at the expense of our quality of living.世界上最强大的企业也积极参与公共政策形成的方式,几乎迫使我们成为一个模式,过度消费是产量大的利润,以自己的牺牲我们的生活质量。 Evidence is mounting that to make our societies sustainable we will have to restructure our systems of production and consumption to largely eliminate:证据越来越多,为了使我们的社会可持续的,我们必须调整我们的系统的生产和消费在很大程度上消除:

  • Dependence on personal automobiles;依赖于个人汽车;
  • Long distance movement of goods and people;长途货物运输和人民;
  • The use of chemicals in agriculture; and使用农业化学品;和
  • The generation of garbage that we cannot immediately recycle.产生的垃圾,我们不能立即回收再利用。

In each instance, we have an opportunity to substantially increase the quality of our living while reducing our burden on the environment.在每一种情况中,我们有机会大大增加我们的生活,同时减少我们的负担对环境的影响。 Why aren’t we doing it?为什么我们不能这样做呢? Who wants to give over their living spaces to automobiles, take long business trips, eat contaminated foods, or live in a garbage dump?谁愿意让自己的生活空间,汽车,采取长期出差,吃受污染的食品,或生活在一个垃圾场?

One important reason we live this way is because it is profitable for politically powerful corporations.重要原因之一,我们的生活这样,是因为它是有利可图的政治势力强大的跨国公司。 For example, the steel, automobile, construction, and oil companies have a major stake in policies that make survival without an automobile nearly impossible in most of our towns and cities.例如,钢铁,汽车,建筑,石油企业有重大的股权政策,使生存的汽车几乎不可能在我国大多数城镇和城市。 Chemical and agribusiness companies have had a similar stake in maintaining chemical and energy intensive agriculture systems that provide us with foods of dubious nutritional value laced with toxic poisons.化工和农业公司也有类似的股权,保持化学和能源密集的农业系统,为我们提供了食品的营养价值令人怀疑含有有毒的毒药。 Other industries benefit from encouraging our use of excessively packaged low durability products.其他行业受益于鼓励我们使用过度包装产品的耐用性低。 So long as these corporate interests are allowed to dominate public policy processes, change is unlikely.只要这些公司的利益可以主导公共政策过程,改变是不太可能的。 Global civil society is mobilizing to reclaim the power that these interests have co-opted.全球公民社会正在动员收回的权力,这些利益增选。


Have Your Say: When Corporations Rule the World 你说:当公司统治世界
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Maximus 马克西穆斯 commented on: 评论:
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Does anyone else like this analogy? 别人是否像这样的比喻? Israel threatening Iran, is like a gun and knife toting drunken... 以色列威胁伊朗,就像是枪和刀toting喝醉...
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HellnBack HellnBack commented on: 评论:
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children 5 times more likely is what i ment to say 儿童的5倍更有可能是我要说精神
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