US oil pipeline politics and the Russia-Georgia conflict美國的石油管道的政治和俄羅斯-格魯吉亞衝突
By通過 Alex Lantier徐家lantier | US media claims about Georgian democracy notwithstanding, a key factor in US backing for Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili in his conflict with Russia has been the emergence of Georgia as a key transit country for oil and gas exports from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea basin. |美國媒體聲稱，格魯吉亞民主儘管如此，一個關鍵因素在美國的支持，格魯吉亞總統米哈伊爾薩卡什維利在他的衝突與俄羅斯已出現了格魯吉亞作為一個重要的過境國，石油和天然氣出口，從高加索和里海盆地。
The August 7 outbreak of hostilities between Georgia and Russia, as Georgia bombarded Russian peacekeepers in the breakaway Georgian region of South Ossetia, is the predictable result of the US’s aggressive use of pipeline politics and proxy states to assert its commercial and military influence in Central Asia. 8月7日爆發的敵對行動之間的格魯吉亞和俄羅斯，格魯吉亞炮轟俄羅斯維和人員在格魯吉亞分裂的地區，南奧塞梯，這是可預見的結果，美的積極利用管道政治和代理國家斷言，它的商業和軍事影響力中亞地區。
The broad outlines of this policy have governed US relations with the former Soviet republics ever since the 1991 collapse of the USSR.廣泛概述了這項政策的有美中關係的管治與前蘇聯加盟共和國自1991年崩潰的蘇聯。 At the time, US investors rushed in to acquire large portions of the former USSR’s economy, notably the oil and gas industries of the Caspian Basin.在當時，美國投資者在送往獲得很大一部分前蘇聯的經濟，特別是石油和天然氣工業的里海盆地。 In the early 1990s, Western energy companies acquired stakes in developing numerous projects, such the Tengiz oil field in Kazakhstan, the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli (ACG) fields in Azerbaijan, and the Dauletabad natural gas field in Turkmenistan.在20世紀90年代初，西方能源公司收購的利害關係在發展的許多項目，例如該吉茲油田在哈薩克斯坦，阿塞拜疆- chirag - guneshli （ acg ）領域，在阿塞拜疆，和dauletabad天然氣田在土庫曼斯坦。
From the outset, US firms and advisors pressed the ex-Soviet states to agree to pipeline routes bypassing countries the US viewed as inimical to its interests, notably Russia and Iran.從一開始，美國企業和顧問按下前蘇聯各國同意管道路線繞開國家，美國認為有損其利益，特別是俄羅斯和伊朗。 Such pipelines not only deprived US rivals of transit fees and political leverage arising from their ability to cut off pipeline flows, but also gave Washington the opportunity to weld together pro-US regional alliances.這樣的管道，不僅剝奪了美國競爭對手的過境費和政治所產生的槓桿從他們的能力，切斷管道流動，而且也給華盛頓的機會，焊縫一起親美的區域聯盟。
In the mid-1990s, the administration of US President Bill Clinton settled on two main pipeline projects to export Caspian oil and gas while bypassing the territories of Russia, Iran and China.在20世紀90年代中期，政府當局的美國總統克林頓就解決了兩個主要的管道工程，以出口里海石油和天然氣的同時，繞開領土的俄羅斯，伊朗和中國。 The first was a plan to export Turkmen gas through Afghanistan and Pakistan to ports on the Indian Ocean—a plan that led Washington to support the Taliban in 1995-6 in an attempt to unify and pacify Afghanistan so that the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan (TAP) pipeline could be built.第一次是計劃出口土庫曼斯坦的天然氣通過阿富汗和巴基斯坦的港口，印度洋-一項計劃，率領華盛頓支持塔利班在1995-6在試圖統一和安撫，使阿富汗，土庫曼斯坦-阿富汗-巴基斯坦（ TAP ）的管道上可興建的。 The plan ultimately foundered on the Taliban’s inability to conquer northern Afghanistan.該計劃最終foundered對塔利班的無法征服阿富汗北部。
The other plan was to build a pipeline westward through small, pro-US states in the Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaijan.其他的計劃是建立一個管道向西通過小，親美國在高加索地區-格魯吉亞和阿塞拜疆。 Together with an undersea trans-Caspian pipeline connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan on the Caspian’s eastern shore with Azerbaijan on the western shore, the Baku (Azerbaijan)-Tbilisi (Georgia)-Ceyhan (Turkey) pipeline would send a substantial fraction of Caspian energy exports to the Mediterranean.連同一水下跨里海管道連接哈薩克斯坦和土庫曼斯坦對里海的東海岸與阿塞拜疆對西部海岸，巴庫（阿塞拜疆） -第比利斯（格魯吉亞） -傑伊漢（土耳其）管道將派遣相當一部分里海能源出口到地中海。 This pipeline was conceived of as a major blow, in particular, to Russia’s longstanding domination of energy routes from the Caspian to the West.這個管道構想作為一項重大的打擊，尤其是對俄羅斯的長期統治的能源路線，從里海到西部。
The politically-driven character of the project was undeniable.政治為主導的特色項目是不可否認的。 As the Christian Science Monitor recently noted, “The $4 billion BTC pipeline, managed by and 30 percent owned by British Petroleum, was routed through Georgia to avoid sending Caspian oil through Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, or Russia.作為基督教科學箴言報最近指出， “ 40億美元，參與變革管道，管理和30 ％的股份，英國石油，是經由格魯吉亞，以避免發送里海石油經伊朗，阿富汗和巴基斯坦，或俄羅斯。 A 10-mile pipeline could have connected Caspian oil to the well-developed Iranian pipeline system.” 10英里的管道可以連接里海石油向發展良好的伊朗管道系統“ 。
Clinton administration officials relentlessly lobbied for the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, which would pipe oil from the ACG fields near the Azeri capital of Baku through the Georgian capital of Tbilisi to the Mediterranean port of Ceyhan.克林頓政府的官員，堅持不懈地進行遊說，為巴庫-第比利斯-傑伊漢（參與變革）管道，這將石油管道從acg領域附近的阿塞拜疆首都巴庫經格魯吉亞首都第比利斯至地中海港口傑伊漢。 After Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey signed an intergovernmental agreement in favor of the BTC pipeline, Clinton said in 2000 that the pipeline represented “the most important achievement at the end of the twentieth century.”之後，阿塞拜疆，格魯吉亞和土耳其簽署了一項政府間協定有利於參與變革的管道，克林頓說，在2000年，該管道為代表的“最重要的成就在二十世紀的結束” 。
As it took office in 2001, the Bush administration planned on even more aggressive use of US military power and strategic influence to carry out the same fundamental policy.因為它上台後在2001年，布什政府計劃在更積極利用美國的軍力和戰略的影響，進行相同的基本政策。 Many of its top officials had been intimately involved in US energy companies’ initial penetration of the USSR: National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice served on the board of US oil major Chevron from 1991 to 2001 as an expert on the USSR, when Chevron was acquiring a major stake in the Tengiz oil field.它的許多高級官員已密切地參與在美國能源公司的初步普及程度的蘇聯：國家安全顧問，後來美國國務卿賴斯送達該委員會是美國石油的主要雪佛龍1991年至2001年作為一個專家對蘇聯，當雪佛龍收購主要股份，在吉茲油田。
Vice President Dick Cheney had served as CEO of oil infrastructure company Halliburton and as a member of Kazakhstan’s Oil Advisory Board, a group set up by the Kazakh government after the fall of the USSR that included the CEOs of oil majors Chevron and Texaco.美國副總統切尼曾擔任首席執行官的石油基礎設施的公司和哈利伯頓公司的一員，哈薩克斯坦的石油諮詢委員會，一組成立了由哈薩克斯坦政府垮台之後，蘇聯，其中包括地球觀測衛星委員會的石油巨頭雪佛龍和德士古。 In the 1990s, Cheney had also used his political pull, as former US secretary of defense in the administration of the senior George Bush, to arrange interviews between Halliburton executives and the Azeri government.在20世紀90年代，切尼還用自己的政治拉動，作為美國前國防部長，在政府當局的高級喬治布什，安排面試之間的哈利伯頓公司的管理層和阿塞拜疆政府。
The Bush administration faced a significantly different government in Russia: President Boris Yeltsin had transferred power in 2000 to his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.布什政府面臨著顯著不同的政府在俄羅斯：總統葉利欽已移交權力，在2000年，他選擇的繼任者，普京總統。 Thanks to its oil revenues, the Russian economy had bottomed out from the devastating collapse that followed the fall of the USSR, and Putin planned to carry out a more independent and assertive Russian foreign policy.由於其石油收入，俄羅斯經濟已走出谷底，從毀滅性的崩潰之後的秋天，蘇聯和俄羅斯總統普京計劃進行更加獨立和自信的俄羅斯的外交政策。 The recovery picked up steam after Putin’s arrival in power, as world oil prices began to rise.復甦回升，蒸汽後，普京的到來在電力，作為世界石油價格開始回升。
In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, however, Putin acquiesced to US deployments to military bases in the Caspian region, ostensibly as logistics bases for US military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan.在之後的2001年9月11日恐怖襲擊事件，不過，普京默許美國部署軍事基地，在里海地區，表面上，作為後勤基地，為美軍的行動，對付阿富汗的塔利班。 However, these deployments also allowed the US to assert its pipeline interests—most notably leading to the temporary demise of Chinese plans to build a “Pan Asian Global Energy Bridge,” a competing network of Chinese-run pipelines linking the Middle East, Central Asia and Russia to China’s Pacific Coast.不過，這些部署，也允許美國斷言其管道利益最顯著的領導到臨時滅亡中國計劃建立一個“泛亞洲的全球能源橋樑” ，競爭的網絡，中國國營的管道連接中東，中亞地區俄羅斯和中國的太平洋沿岸。
Georgia soon emerged as a major transit country for Western pipeline plans.格魯吉亞盡快成為一個主要的過境國，為西部管道計劃。 In 2002 in London, an international consortium was founded to begin construction of the BTC oil pipeline, as well as a natural gas pipeline (BTE) running from Azerbaijan’s Shah Deniz gas fields through Baku and Tbilisi to the eastern Turkish city of Erzurum.在2002年在倫敦，一個國際財團的創立是為了開始建設的參與變革的石油管道，以及一個天然氣管道（ bte ）運行，從阿塞拜疆的沙阿deniz天然氣田，通過巴庫和第比利斯到土耳其東部城市埃爾祖魯姆。 Plans were also made to connect the BTE pipeline to the European market via a pipeline extending from Erzurum to Vienna, the so-called “Nabucco” pipeline.計劃也發了言，以連接bte管道向歐洲市場通過管道延伸，從埃爾祖魯姆到維也納，所謂“那布果”管道。
Georgia subsequently became the site of the first major open confrontation between Russia and the US in the region, the December 2003 “Rose Revolution” that displaced Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze.格魯吉亞後來成為網站的第一次重大之間的公開對抗俄羅斯和美國在該地區， 2003年12月“玫瑰革命”流離失所的格魯吉亞總統謝瓦爾德納澤。 In the aftermath of parliamentary elections whose results were disputed by the US-backed opposition, the opposition staged a series of demonstrations and ultimately took over Parliament.在之後的議會選舉，其結果有爭議，由美國支持的反對派，反對黨上演了一連串的示威活動，並最終接管了議會。 The Georgian military, which had received extensive US training, stood aside, while top US officials, including then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, personally intervened to order Shevardnadze to step down.格魯吉亞的軍事，這已得到了廣泛的美國訓練，袖手旁觀，而美國高級官員，包括當時的美國國務卿鮑威爾，親自進行干預，以便對謝瓦爾德納澤下台。
This made-in-the-USA coup brought to power a series of former Shevardnadze associates who were more closely associated with the US, most notably Columbia University-educated lawyer Mikheil Saakashvili.這使得-在- -美國軍事政變帶來的權力了一系列的前謝瓦爾德納澤有聯繫誰更密切的聯繫，與美國，最顯著的哥倫比亞大學教育的律師米哈伊爾薩卡什維利。 Saakashvili formally assumed the Georgian presidency in January 2004.薩卡什維利正式就任格魯吉亞總統在2004年1月。
One of the main disagreements between Shevardnadze and Saakashvili in the 2003 parliamentary campaign had been the question of how to deal with ethnic-minority regions of Georgia.其中一個主要的分歧，謝瓦爾德納澤和薩卡什維利在2003年的議會競選已的問題，如何處理與少數民族地區的格魯吉亞。 Shevardnadze allied himself with Adjarian politician Aslan Abashidze, while Saakashvili stridently advocated that Tbilisi exercise total control over all of its territory.謝瓦爾德納澤專職自己adjarian的政治家，阿斯蘭阿伯西茲，而薩卡什維利stridently主張，第比利斯行使完全控制其所有領土。 This represented a definite concession by Shevardnadze to Moscow, which had considerable influence in breakaway or autonomous regions of Georgia, such as Adjaria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia.這代表了一定的讓步，謝瓦爾德納澤到莫斯科，其中有相當的影響力，擺脫或自治區，格魯吉亞，如adjaria ，阿布哈茲和南奧塞梯。
In 2004, Saakashvili successfully forced Abashidze to flee by threatening Adjaria with invasion by the Georgian army.在2004年，薩卡什維利成功迫使阿伯西茲逃離威脅adjaria與入侵格魯吉亞軍隊的。 Throughout his presidency, he issued threats against South Ossetia and Abkhazia, despite the presence of Russian peacekeepers there.整個他擔任主席，他發出威脅對南奧塞梯和阿布哈茲，儘管在場的俄羅斯維持和平人員。
From the point of view of US oil interests, the Rose Revolution was perfectly timed.從的角度來看，美國的石油利益，玫瑰革命，是完全的時間。 It came one year before the 2005 opening of the BTC pipeline, a project whose value to US foreign policy depended on the Georgian government being independent from Russian pressure.它一年前的2005年開幕的參與變革管道，一個項目，其價值，以美國的外交政策取決於對格魯吉亞政府正在從俄羅斯獨立的壓力。 The Rose Revolution succeeded in pushing the Georgian government in this direction, replacing Shevardnadze with a president firmly committed to Georgian nationalism and to eradicating Russia’s influence in Georgia.玫瑰革命成功，在推動格魯吉亞政府在這方面的方向，取代與謝瓦爾德納澤總統堅定地致力於格魯吉亞的民族主義和以消除俄羅斯的影響力在格魯吉亞。 Under Saakashvili, Russian influence was limited to a few enclaves living under constant threat of Georgian attack.根據薩卡什維利，俄羅斯的影響力是有限的要數飛地下生活的不斷威脅格魯吉亞攻擊。
The broader developments in Central Asian pipeline politics since the Rose Revolution have not favored the US—a fact that no doubt played a role in US calculations to back Saakashvili in an increasingly reckless confrontation with Moscow.更廣泛的發展在中亞地區的政治管道以來，玫瑰革命沒有最惠國待遇，美的事實，毫無疑問，起到了一定的作用，在美國的計算，以回薩卡什維利在一個日益魯莽的對抗與莫斯科。 The growth of resistance to the US occupation of Afghanistan has precluded all plans for constructing a TAP pipeline south from Central Asia to the Indian Ocean.成長的阻力，向美國佔領阿富汗已排除了所有計劃興建自來水管道南從中亞到印度洋。 As a result, the Caucasian pipelines through Georgia represent the only viable path for Central Asian oil and gas exports that is acceptable to Washington.因此，高加索管道通過格魯吉亞代表唯一可行的道路，為中亞地區的石油和天然氣出口是可以接受的華盛頓。
In December 2007, Russia signed an agreement with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to build a new natural gas pipeline along the eastern Caspian Sea coast towards Russia.在2007年12月，俄羅斯簽署了一項協議，與哈薩克斯坦和土庫曼斯坦建立一個新的天然氣管道沿線的東部里海沿岸，對俄羅斯。 The construction of the pipeline, which would have an initial export capacity of 20 billion cubic meters per year, was seen as a major blow to US hopes that Central Asian governments would commit substantial oil and gas resources to a potential trans-Caspian pipeline linked to the existing, US-backed pipelines in the Caucasus.建造該管道，這將有一個初步的出口能力二百點〇 〇億立方米每年，被看作是一個重大的打擊，美國希望中亞各國政府將大量石油和天然氣資源，以一個潛在的跨里海管道掛鉤目前，美國支持的管道在高加索地區。
China, whose attempts at securing energy supplies through pipelines from Central Asia into neighboring western China came to an abrupt halt after the US’s 2001 deployments to Central Asia, has since concluded a number of pipeline deals.中國，其企圖在確保能源供應是通過管道從中亞到鄰國中國西部來突然終止後，我們的2001年部署的中亞地區，自締結了一些管道處理。 A Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline, linking Kazakh fields in the northern Caspian region to the Chinese pipeline network in northwestern China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, is currently under construction and will become operational in October 2009.一哈薩克斯坦-中國石油管道，連接哈薩克斯坦領域，在北部里海地區向中國管道網絡在中國西北的新疆維吾爾自治區，目前正在建設和將成為業務在2009年10月。 A parallel natural gas pipeline, with a branch downwards towards fields in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, is also under construction.一個平行的天然氣管道，向下一個分支領域，對在烏茲別克斯坦和土庫曼斯坦，也正在建設。
Have Your Say: US oil pipeline politics and the Russia-Georgia conflict 有您這樣說：美國的石油管道的政治和俄羅斯-格魯吉亞衝突
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