US oil pipeline politics and the Russia-Georgia conflict美国的石油管道的政治和俄罗斯-格鲁吉亚冲突
By通过 Alex Lantier徐家lantier | US media claims about Georgian democracy notwithstanding, a key factor in US backing for Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili in his conflict with Russia has been the emergence of Georgia as a key transit country for oil and gas exports from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea basin. |美国媒体声称，格鲁吉亚民主尽管如此，一个关键因素在美国的支持，格鲁吉亚总统米哈伊尔萨卡什维利在他的冲突与俄罗斯已出现了格鲁吉亚作为一个重要的过境国，石油和天然气出口，从高加索和里海盆地。
The August 7 outbreak of hostilities between Georgia and Russia, as Georgia bombarded Russian peacekeepers in the breakaway Georgian region of South Ossetia, is the predictable result of the US’s aggressive use of pipeline politics and proxy states to assert its commercial and military influence in Central Asia. 8月7日爆发的敌对行动之间的格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯，格鲁吉亚炮轰俄罗斯维和人员在格鲁吉亚分裂的地区，南奥塞梯，这是可预见的结果，美的积极利用管道政治和代理国家断言，它的商业和军事影响力中亚地区。
The broad outlines of this policy have governed US relations with the former Soviet republics ever since the 1991 collapse of the USSR.广泛概述了这项政策的有美中关系的管治与前苏联加盟共和国自1991年崩溃的苏联。 At the time, US investors rushed in to acquire large portions of the former USSR’s economy, notably the oil and gas industries of the Caspian Basin.在当时，美国投资者在送往获得很大一部分前苏联的经济，特别是石油和天然气工业的里海盆地。 In the early 1990s, Western energy companies acquired stakes in developing numerous projects, such the Tengiz oil field in Kazakhstan, the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli (ACG) fields in Azerbaijan, and the Dauletabad natural gas field in Turkmenistan.在20世纪90年代初，西方能源公司收购的利害关系在发展的许多项目，例如该吉兹油田在哈萨克斯坦，阿塞拜疆- chirag - guneshli （ acg ）领域，在阿塞拜疆，和dauletabad天然气田在土库曼斯坦。
From the outset, US firms and advisors pressed the ex-Soviet states to agree to pipeline routes bypassing countries the US viewed as inimical to its interests, notably Russia and Iran.从一开始，美国企业和顾问按下前苏联各国同意管道路线绕开国家，美国认为有损其利益，特别是俄罗斯和伊朗。 Such pipelines not only deprived US rivals of transit fees and political leverage arising from their ability to cut off pipeline flows, but also gave Washington the opportunity to weld together pro-US regional alliances.这样的管道，不仅剥夺了美国竞争对手的过境费和政治所产生的杠杆从他们的能力，切断管道流动，而且也给华盛顿的机会，焊缝一起亲美的区域联盟。
In the mid-1990s, the administration of US President Bill Clinton settled on two main pipeline projects to export Caspian oil and gas while bypassing the territories of Russia, Iran and China.在20世纪90年代中期，政府当局的美国总统克林顿就解决了两个主要的管道工程，以出口里海石油和天然气的同时，绕开领土的俄罗斯，伊朗和中国。 The first was a plan to export Turkmen gas through Afghanistan and Pakistan to ports on the Indian Ocean—a plan that led Washington to support the Taliban in 1995-6 in an attempt to unify and pacify Afghanistan so that the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan (TAP) pipeline could be built.第一次是计划出口土库曼斯坦的天然气通过阿富汗和巴基斯坦的港口，印度洋-一项计划，率领华盛顿支持塔利班在1995-6在试图统一和安抚，使阿富汗，土库曼斯坦-阿富汗-巴基斯坦（ TAP ）的管道上可兴建的。 The plan ultimately foundered on the Taliban’s inability to conquer northern Afghanistan.该计划最终foundered对塔利班的无法征服阿富汗北部。
The other plan was to build a pipeline westward through small, pro-US states in the Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaijan.其他的计划是建立一个管道向西通过小，亲美国在高加索地区-格鲁吉亚和阿塞拜疆。 Together with an undersea trans-Caspian pipeline connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan on the Caspian’s eastern shore with Azerbaijan on the western shore, the Baku (Azerbaijan)-Tbilisi (Georgia)-Ceyhan (Turkey) pipeline would send a substantial fraction of Caspian energy exports to the Mediterranean.连同一水下跨里海管道连接哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦对里海的东海岸与阿塞拜疆对西部海岸，巴库（阿塞拜疆） -第比利斯（格鲁吉亚） -杰伊汉（土耳其）管道将派遣相当一部分里海能源出口到地中海。 This pipeline was conceived of as a major blow, in particular, to Russia’s longstanding domination of energy routes from the Caspian to the West.这个管道构想作为一项重大的打击，尤其是对俄罗斯的长期统治的能源路线，从里海到西部。
The politically-driven character of the project was undeniable.政治为主导的特色项目是不可否认的。 As the Christian Science Monitor recently noted, “The $4 billion BTC pipeline, managed by and 30 percent owned by British Petroleum, was routed through Georgia to avoid sending Caspian oil through Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, or Russia.作为基督教科学箴言报最近指出， “ 40亿美元，参与变革管道，管理和30 ％的股份，英国石油，是经由格鲁吉亚，以避免发送里海石油经伊朗，阿富汗和巴基斯坦，或俄罗斯。 A 10-mile pipeline could have connected Caspian oil to the well-developed Iranian pipeline system.” 10英里的管道可以连接里海石油向发展良好的伊朗管道系统“ 。
Clinton administration officials relentlessly lobbied for the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, which would pipe oil from the ACG fields near the Azeri capital of Baku through the Georgian capital of Tbilisi to the Mediterranean port of Ceyhan.克林顿政府的官员，坚持不懈地进行游说，为巴库-第比利斯-杰伊汉（参与变革）管道，这将石油管道从acg领域附近的阿塞拜疆首都巴库经格鲁吉亚首都第比利斯至地中海港口杰伊汉。 After Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey signed an intergovernmental agreement in favor of the BTC pipeline, Clinton said in 2000 that the pipeline represented “the most important achievement at the end of the twentieth century.”之后，阿塞拜疆，格鲁吉亚和土耳其签署了一项政府间协定有利于参与变革的管道，克林顿说，在2000年，该管道为代表的“最重要的成就在二十世纪的结束” 。
As it took office in 2001, the Bush administration planned on even more aggressive use of US military power and strategic influence to carry out the same fundamental policy.因为它上台后在2001年，布什政府计划在更积极利用美国的军力和战略的影响，进行相同的基本政策。 Many of its top officials had been intimately involved in US energy companies’ initial penetration of the USSR: National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice served on the board of US oil major Chevron from 1991 to 2001 as an expert on the USSR, when Chevron was acquiring a major stake in the Tengiz oil field.它的许多高级官员已密切地参与在美国能源公司的初步普及程度的苏联：国家安全顾问，后来美国国务卿赖斯送达该委员会是美国石油的主要雪佛龙1991年至2001年作为一个专家对苏联，当雪佛龙收购主要股份，在吉兹油田。
Vice President Dick Cheney had served as CEO of oil infrastructure company Halliburton and as a member of Kazakhstan’s Oil Advisory Board, a group set up by the Kazakh government after the fall of the USSR that included the CEOs of oil majors Chevron and Texaco.美国副总统切尼曾担任首席执行官的石油基础设施的公司和哈利伯顿公司的一员，哈萨克斯坦的石油咨询委员会，一组成立了由哈萨克斯坦政府垮台之后，苏联，其中包括地球观测卫星委员会的石油巨头雪佛龙和德士古。 In the 1990s, Cheney had also used his political pull, as former US secretary of defense in the administration of the senior George Bush, to arrange interviews between Halliburton executives and the Azeri government.在20世纪90年代，切尼还用自己的政治拉动，作为美国前国防部长，在政府当局的高级乔治布什，安排面试之间的哈利伯顿公司的管理层和阿塞拜疆政府。
The Bush administration faced a significantly different government in Russia: President Boris Yeltsin had transferred power in 2000 to his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.布什政府面临着显着不同的政府在俄罗斯：总统叶利钦已移交权力，在2000年，他选择的继任者，普京总统。 Thanks to its oil revenues, the Russian economy had bottomed out from the devastating collapse that followed the fall of the USSR, and Putin planned to carry out a more independent and assertive Russian foreign policy.由于其石油收入，俄罗斯经济已走出谷底，从毁灭性的崩溃之后的秋天，苏联和俄罗斯总统普京计划进行更加独立和自信的俄罗斯的外交政策。 The recovery picked up steam after Putin’s arrival in power, as world oil prices began to rise.复苏回升，蒸汽后，普京的到来在电力，作为世界石油价格开始回升。
In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, however, Putin acquiesced to US deployments to military bases in the Caspian region, ostensibly as logistics bases for US military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan.在之后的2001年9月11日恐怖袭击事件，不过，普京默许美国部署军事基地，在里海地区，表面上，作为后勤基地，为美军的行动，对付阿富汗的塔利班。 However, these deployments also allowed the US to assert its pipeline interests—most notably leading to the temporary demise of Chinese plans to build a “Pan Asian Global Energy Bridge,” a competing network of Chinese-run pipelines linking the Middle East, Central Asia and Russia to China’s Pacific Coast.不过，这些部署，也允许美国断言其管道利益最显着的领导到临时灭亡中国计划建立一个“泛亚洲的全球能源桥梁” ，竞争的网络，中国国营的管道连接中东，中亚地区俄罗斯和中国的太平洋沿岸。
Georgia soon emerged as a major transit country for Western pipeline plans.格鲁吉亚尽快成为一个主要的过境国，为西部管道计划。 In 2002 in London, an international consortium was founded to begin construction of the BTC oil pipeline, as well as a natural gas pipeline (BTE) running from Azerbaijan’s Shah Deniz gas fields through Baku and Tbilisi to the eastern Turkish city of Erzurum.在2002年在伦敦，一个国际财团的创立是为了开始建设的参与变革的石油管道，以及一个天然气管道（ bte ）运行，从阿塞拜疆的沙阿deniz天然气田，通过巴库和第比利斯到土耳其东部城市埃尔祖鲁姆。 Plans were also made to connect the BTE pipeline to the European market via a pipeline extending from Erzurum to Vienna, the so-called “Nabucco” pipeline.计划也发了言，以连接bte管道向欧洲市场通过管道延伸，从埃尔祖鲁姆到维也纳，所谓“那布果”管道。
Georgia subsequently became the site of the first major open confrontation between Russia and the US in the region, the December 2003 “Rose Revolution” that displaced Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze.格鲁吉亚后来成为网站的第一次重大之间的公开对抗俄罗斯和美国在该地区， 2003年12月“玫瑰革命”流离失所的格鲁吉亚总统谢瓦尔德纳泽。 In the aftermath of parliamentary elections whose results were disputed by the US-backed opposition, the opposition staged a series of demonstrations and ultimately took over Parliament.在之后的议会选举，其结果有争议，由美国支持的反对派，反对党上演了一连串的示威活动，并最终接管了议会。 The Georgian military, which had received extensive US training, stood aside, while top US officials, including then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, personally intervened to order Shevardnadze to step down.格鲁吉亚的军事，这已得到了广泛的美国训练，袖手旁观，而美国高级官员，包括当时的美国国务卿鲍威尔，亲自进行干预，以便对谢瓦尔德纳泽下台。
This made-in-the-USA coup brought to power a series of former Shevardnadze associates who were more closely associated with the US, most notably Columbia University-educated lawyer Mikheil Saakashvili.这使得-在- -美国军事政变带来的权力了一系列的前谢瓦尔德纳泽有联系谁更密切的联系，与美国，最显着的哥伦比亚大学教育的律师米哈伊尔萨卡什维利。 Saakashvili formally assumed the Georgian presidency in January 2004.萨卡什维利正式就任格鲁吉亚总统在2004年1月。
One of the main disagreements between Shevardnadze and Saakashvili in the 2003 parliamentary campaign had been the question of how to deal with ethnic-minority regions of Georgia.其中一个主要的分歧，谢瓦尔德纳泽和萨卡什维利在2003年的议会竞选已的问题，如何处理与少数民族地区的格鲁吉亚。 Shevardnadze allied himself with Adjarian politician Aslan Abashidze, while Saakashvili stridently advocated that Tbilisi exercise total control over all of its territory.谢瓦尔德纳泽专职自己adjarian的政治家，阿斯兰阿伯西兹，而萨卡什维利stridently主张，第比利斯行使完全控制其所有领土。 This represented a definite concession by Shevardnadze to Moscow, which had considerable influence in breakaway or autonomous regions of Georgia, such as Adjaria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia.这代表了一定的让步，谢瓦尔德纳泽到莫斯科，其中有相当的影响力，摆脱或自治区，格鲁吉亚，如adjaria ，阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯。
In 2004, Saakashvili successfully forced Abashidze to flee by threatening Adjaria with invasion by the Georgian army.在2004年，萨卡什维利成功迫使阿伯西兹逃离威胁adjaria与入侵格鲁吉亚军队的。 Throughout his presidency, he issued threats against South Ossetia and Abkhazia, despite the presence of Russian peacekeepers there.整个他担任主席，他发出威胁对南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹，尽管在场的俄罗斯维持和平人员。
From the point of view of US oil interests, the Rose Revolution was perfectly timed.从的角度来看，美国的石油利益，玫瑰革命，是完全的时间。 It came one year before the 2005 opening of the BTC pipeline, a project whose value to US foreign policy depended on the Georgian government being independent from Russian pressure.它一年前的2005年开幕的参与变革管道，一个项目，其价值，以美国的外交政策取决于对格鲁吉亚政府正在从俄罗斯独立的压力。 The Rose Revolution succeeded in pushing the Georgian government in this direction, replacing Shevardnadze with a president firmly committed to Georgian nationalism and to eradicating Russia’s influence in Georgia.玫瑰革命成功，在推动格鲁吉亚政府在这方面的方向，取代与谢瓦尔德纳泽总统坚定地致力于格鲁吉亚的民族主义和以消除俄罗斯的影响力在格鲁吉亚。 Under Saakashvili, Russian influence was limited to a few enclaves living under constant threat of Georgian attack.根据萨卡什维利，俄罗斯的影响力是有限的要数飞地下生活的不断威胁格鲁吉亚攻击。
The broader developments in Central Asian pipeline politics since the Rose Revolution have not favored the US—a fact that no doubt played a role in US calculations to back Saakashvili in an increasingly reckless confrontation with Moscow.更广泛的发展在中亚地区的政治管道以来，玫瑰革命没有最惠国待遇，美的事实，毫无疑问，起到了一定的作用，在美国的计算，以回萨卡什维利在一个日益鲁莽的对抗与莫斯科。 The growth of resistance to the US occupation of Afghanistan has precluded all plans for constructing a TAP pipeline south from Central Asia to the Indian Ocean.成长的阻力，向美国占领阿富汗已排除了所有计划兴建自来水管道南从中亚到印度洋。 As a result, the Caucasian pipelines through Georgia represent the only viable path for Central Asian oil and gas exports that is acceptable to Washington.因此，高加索管道通过格鲁吉亚代表唯一可行的道路，为中亚地区的石油和天然气出口是可以接受的华盛顿。
In December 2007, Russia signed an agreement with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to build a new natural gas pipeline along the eastern Caspian Sea coast towards Russia.在2007年12月，俄罗斯签署了一项协议，与哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦建立一个新的天然气管道沿线的东部里海沿岸，对俄罗斯。 The construction of the pipeline, which would have an initial export capacity of 20 billion cubic meters per year, was seen as a major blow to US hopes that Central Asian governments would commit substantial oil and gas resources to a potential trans-Caspian pipeline linked to the existing, US-backed pipelines in the Caucasus.建造该管道，这将有一个初步的出口能力二百点〇 〇亿立方米每年，被看作是一个重大的打击，美国希望中亚各国政府将大量石油和天然气资源，以一个潜在的跨里海管道挂钩目前，美国支持的管道在高加索地区。
China, whose attempts at securing energy supplies through pipelines from Central Asia into neighboring western China came to an abrupt halt after the US’s 2001 deployments to Central Asia, has since concluded a number of pipeline deals.中国，其企图在确保能源供应是通过管道从中亚到邻国中国西部来突然终止后，我们的2001年部署的中亚地区，自缔结了一些管道处理。 A Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline, linking Kazakh fields in the northern Caspian region to the Chinese pipeline network in northwestern China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, is currently under construction and will become operational in October 2009.一哈萨克斯坦-中国石油管道，连接哈萨克斯坦领域，在北部里海地区向中国管道网络在中国西北的新疆维吾尔自治区，目前正在建设和将成为业务在2009年10月。 A parallel natural gas pipeline, with a branch downwards towards fields in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, is also under construction.一个平行的天然气管道，向下一个分支领域，对在乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦，也正在建设。
Have Your Say: US oil pipeline politics and the Russia-Georgia conflict 有您这样说：美国的石油管道的政治和俄罗斯-格鲁吉亚冲突
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