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Friday, June 27th, 2008 周五， 2008年6月27日

By Spencer Ackerman | In August 2004, a Defense Dept. panel convened to investigate detainee abuse after the Abu Ghraib scandal issued its much-anticipated report.由斯潘塞阿克曼|在2004年8月，国防研究小组召开会议，调查虐待囚犯后，阿布格莱布丑闻发表了许多预期的报告。 Interrogation techniques designed for use at Guantánamo Bay, which President George W. Bush had decreed outside the scope of the Geneva Conventions, had “migrated” to Iraq, which Bush recognized was under Geneva, concluded panel chairman James Schlesinger, a former defense secretary.审讯技术设计用于在关塔那摩湾，美国总统布什已命令范围之外的日内瓦四公约，已“移居”到伊拉克，布什承认，是根据日内瓦，结束事务委员会主席施莱辛格，前国防部长。 Schlesinger’s panel, however, did not explain which officials ordered the abusive techniques to transfer across continents — or how and why they became Pentagon policy in the first place.施莱辛格的小组，但是，没有说明哪些官员下令滥用技术转移各大洲-或如何以及为什么他们成为五角大楼的政策摆在首位。

(On Wednesday) the Senate Armed Services Committee answered those questions. （对周三）美国参议院军事委员会回答了这些问题。 In a marathon hearing spanning eight hours and three separate panels, the committee revealed, in painstaking detail, how senior Pentagon officials transformed a program for Special Forces troops to resist torture — known as Survival Evasion Resistance Escape, or SERE — into a blueprint for torturing terrorism detainees.在一场马拉松式的听证会跨越8个小时和3个独立小组，委员会透露，在艰苦的细节，如何五角大楼高级官员的程序转化为特种兵抵制酷刑-被称为生存逃税阻力逃生，或序列-成为一个蓝图，拷问恐怖主义的被拘留者。

The committee, chaired by Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich.), released numerous classified documents from the crucial period of mid-2002 to early 2003, when the policies of abuse took shape inside the Defense Dept. “Senior officials in the United States government sought information on aggressive techniques, twisted the law to create the appearance of their legality and authorized their use against detainees,” Levin said.该委员会的主席参议员卡尔列文（ d-mich. ） ，发表了许多机密文件的关键时期，在2002年年中至2003年年初，当政策的虐待形成了内防御部“的高级官员在美国的美国政府要求当局提供资料，咄咄逼人的技巧，扭曲了法律创造的出现，其合法性，并授权他们使用的对被拘留者， “莱文说。 “In the process, they damaged our ability to collect intelligence that could save lives.” “在这个过程中，他们破坏我们的能力，搜集情报可挽救生命” 。

The SERE program — first introduced to many by a 2005 article by the New Yorker’s Jane Mayer — is not an interrogation program.该序列的计划-首先介绍了许多由2 005年的文章，新的纽约客的简迈尔-是不是一个审讯程序。 Nor is it an intelligence-collection program.也不是情报收集计划。 Instead, it’s an obscure program across the different military services’ special-forces wings that teaches troops how to withstand torture if captured.相反，它的一个晦涩的计划，全国各地不同的军事服务的特殊部队的翅膀教导部队如何承受酷刑，如果被俘。 Instructors subject students — under the rigorous watch of psychologists and physicians — to various torture techniques, including waterboarding, prolonged stress positions, sleep deprivation and sensory manipulation.受到学生的导师-根据严格的观赏心理学家和医生-各种酷刑的技术，包括wa terboarding，长期强调的立场，剥夺睡眠和感觉操纵。 Waterboarding “is an overwhelming experience that induces horror, triggers a frantic survival instinct,” Malcolm Nance, a former Navy SERE instructor who was himself waterboarded, testified to Congress in November. waterboarding “是一个压倒性的经验，诱使恐怖，引发疯狂的生存本能， ”马尔科姆Nance弓，前海军序列导师谁是自己waterboarded ，在国会作证，在十一月。 “As the event unfolded, I was fully conscious of what was happening: I was being tortured.” “作为活动的开展，我充分意识到发生了什么：我被折磨” 。

On July 25, 2002, the Defense agency that oversees the SERE program, known as the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency, or JPRA, was contacted by a representative of Pentagon General Counsel William Haynes for information about SERE practices for the “exploitation process” — that is, getting detainees to cooperate with their interrogators.于7月25日， 2002年，日本防卫厅认为，监督程序序列，称为联合回收机构，人员，或jpra ，接触的一名代表五角大楼的总律师威廉海恩斯如需序列的做法，为“开发过程” -是，越来越被拘留者进行合作，与他们的审讯。 The next day, JPRA’s chief of staff, Air Force Lt. Col. Daniel Baumgartner, sent Haynes a lengthy memorandum explaining how the program worked.第二天， jpra的参谋长，空军中校丹尼尔鲍姆加特纳，发送海恩斯冗长的备忘录，说明如何计划工作。

Before the Senate panel, Baumgartner said he did not realize that Haynes wanted to use SERE techniques on enemy combatants.在参议院小组，鲍姆加特纳说，他并不知道海恩斯想利用序列技术对敌方战斗人员。 “I had no idea how it would be used,” he testified. “当时我不知道它如何会被用作” ，他作证。 “When tasked by my higher headquarters … I can’t really turn around and tell the flag officers and the senior executive service people no.” “当我的任务是由较高的总部… …我真的不能扭转，并告诉国旗人员和高级行政人员的人没有” 。

Haynes, who retired from the Pentagon in April, after his nomination to the federal judiciary foundered, pled ignorance.海恩斯，谁退休来自五角大楼今年4月，他的提名后，向联邦司法机构foundered ， pled的无知。 “No, sir, I don’t remember it at the time,” Haynes said when asked if he had received Baumgartner’s memorandum. “没有，主席先生，我不记得它在时间， ”海恩斯说，当被问及如果他收到了鲍姆加特纳的谅解备忘录。 “But I saw it a long time ago … it’s possible I saw it at the time.” “但我认为这是一很久以前的… …它的可能，我就看到它在时间” 。

Pressed by Levin on how he could not have seen a memorandum concerning terrorism detentions and interrogations, Haynes replied, “the recipient is the Office of the Secretary of Defense General Counsel, which [was] not my precise title.”按莱文就如何他不能看到了一份备忘录，有关恐怖主义的拘留和盘问，海恩斯回答说： “收件人是秘书长办公室，国防部总法律顾问，其中[是]不是我的确切名称” 。

Baumgartner’s memorandum was not the last time SERE techniques were introduced into the interrogation bloodstream.鲍姆加特纳的备忘录是不是最后的时间序列技术引入审问血液。 On the week of Sept. 16, 2002, JPRA officials invited a contingent of senior Guantánamo-based officers to a briefing session at Ft.上一周的2002年9月16日， jpra官员邀请了特遣队高级关塔那摩基于人员简报会在英尺。 Bragg, NC Haynes and his legal counterparts at the Central Intelligence Agency, Justice Dept. and the Vice President’s office visited Guantánamo the following week for an update on interrogations.布拉格，数控海恩斯和他的法律同行在中央情报部，司法部和副总统办公室参观关塔那摩以下，每周一更新就盘问。 The minutes of that meeting record that the commander of the detention facility “did take Mr. Haynes and a few others aside for private conversations.”纪要指出，会议记录，该指挥官拘留所“没有采取海恩斯先生和其他几个拨作私人谈话” 。

Just the week after that, a senior CIA lawyer, Jonathan Fredman, instructed Guantánamo officers on various SERE-pedigreed torture methods, including waterboarding.仅仅一周之后，美国中央情报局一名高级律师，乔纳森fredman ，指示关塔那摩人员就不同的序列- pedigreed酷刑的方法，包括waterboarding 。 “If the detainee dies,” Fredman said, “you’re doing it wrong.” In response, the chief Guantánamo Bay attorney, Lt. Col. Diane Beaver, said, “We will need documentation to protect us.” “如果被拘留者死亡， ” fredman说： “您这样做是不对的” 。在回应时，行政关塔那摩湾的检察长，中校黛安比弗说， “我们将需要的文件，以保护我们” 。

It would be a fateful decision.这将是一个灾难性的决定。 On Oct. 11, 2002, Beaver’s boss, Maj. Gen. Michael Dunleavy, the commander of Guantánamo’s detention center, sent a request to his boss, Southern Command chief James Hill, for harsher, SERE-derived interrogation techniques.关于2002年10月11日，河狸的老板，少将迈克尔邓利维，指挥官，关塔那摩的拘留中心，发出了一个要求，他的老板，南方司令部行政詹姆斯山，为更严厉的，序列衍生的审讯手段。 Beaver attached to that request a certification that “the proposed strategies do not violate applicable federal law.”比弗重视这一请求认证， “拟议的战略不违反适用的联邦法律” 。

Beaver testified (Wednesday) for the first time since Haynes declassified her guidance in mid-2004.比弗作证（星期三）以来的第一次海恩斯解密她的指导，在2004年年中。 She said she intended for the techniques to be used under supervised and restricted circumstances.她说，她打算为技术下使用的监督和限制的情况下。 It turned out that not a single other military lawyer submitted written guidance in support of the SERE-derived techniques.原来这不是一个单一的其他军事律师提交了书面指导，在支持该序列衍生技术。 “In hindsight,” Beaver told the Senate panel, “I can only conclude that others chose not to write on this issue in order not to be linked to it. “回想起来， ”海狸告诉参议院委员会， “我只能得出这样的结论，其他人选择不写在这个问题上，为了不挂钩。 For me, that was not an option.”对我来说，这是不是一种选择“ 。

The result of Haynes’ efforts were to transform “stress positions” — forcing someone into uncomfortable contortions for hours on end — from something US special forces had to withstand to something US interrogators would place on Guantánamo inmates like Mohamed al-Qatani, also known as Guantánamo Detainee 063.结果海恩斯'努力改造“强调的立场” -迫使有人到不舒服， c ontortions几个小时就结束-从一些美国特种部队不得不承受一些美国审讯人员将发生的关塔那摩囚犯一样，穆罕默德-q a tani，也称为关塔那摩被拘留者063 。 Qatani was at one point believed to be the intended 20th 9/11 hijacker, but last month the Pentagon unceremoniously dropped the charges against him. qatani是在1点相信是有意20th 9 / 11劫机犯，但在上个月，五角大楼unceremoniously下降，对他的指控。

Nor did the SERE techniques remain only at Guantánamo Bay.也没有序列技术仍然只在关塔那摩湾。 In the summer of 2003, the new Guantánamo detentions and interrogations commander, Maj. Gen. Geoffrey Miller, visited Iraq at the behest of Rumsfeld intelligence deputy Steve Cambone to “Gitmo-ize” detention operations there.在2003年夏天，新的关塔那摩拘留和盘问指挥官，少将杰弗里米勒，在访问伊拉克的遗志，拉姆斯菲尔德情报副主席史蒂夫坎博内，以“关塔那摩化”拘留行动。 It was revealed (Wednesday) that Beaver accompanied Miller on the trip.据透露， （星期三）河狸的陪同下，米勒就行。

The wages of this turn to what Vice President Dick Cheney once euphemistically described as “the dark side” were made clear in March.的工资，这又什么副总统切尼曾美其名为“阴暗面”作了明确的，在三月。 A deputy to Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of US forces in Iraq, briefed reporters on an emerging profile of recruits to the terrorist organization Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) that his command had compiled from interviews with AQI detainees.一名副手戴维彼得雷乌斯将军，指挥官，美军在伊拉克，向记者介绍了一个新兴的概况，招募到的恐怖组织盖达组织在伊拉克（农业检疫及检验）表示，他的指挥已编制从访谈与农业检疫及检验被拘留者。 In many cases, the recruits were convinced to join the terrorist group after being shown images of abuse emerging from Abu Ghraib or Guantánamo Bay.在许多情况下，学员深信，加入恐怖集团后，正在显示的图像被滥用的新兴从阿布格莱布或关塔那摩湾。

Near the conclusion of the hearing, Sen. Jack Reed (DR.I) glowered at Haynes, frustrated at the former Pentagon official’s faulty memory.附近的结论，听证会上，参议员里德（ dr.i ） glowered在海恩斯，感到沮丧，前五角大楼官员的错误的记忆。 Reed said that Haynes, Rumsfeld and Bush had deprived US troops of clear guidance for legal interrogations, exposing them to potential prosecution in the US — and likely torture if captured by enemies who no longer have reason to believe that their own soldiers won’t be tortured in US custody.里德说，海恩斯，拉姆斯菲尔德和布什，剥夺了美军的明确的指导，法律盘问，暴露了他们潜在的起诉在美国-可能和酷刑，如果被俘的敌人，谁不再有理由相信他们自己的士兵将不会折磨被美方关押。 “You did a disservice to the soldiers of this nation,” Reed told Haynes. “你做了对不起战士们这个民族的， ”里德说，海恩斯。

Spencer Ackerman is senior fellow at The Washington Independent.斯潘塞阿克曼是高级研究员在华盛顿的独立。 He covers national security and foreign policy.他涉及国家安全和外交政策。

See More: 看到更多的： Torture 酷刑 USA News 美国新闻

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