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 | Translate: 翻译：               How not to do a PhD on George Orwell如何不这样做博士学位的乔治奥威尔 Thursday, November 6th, 2008 星期四， 2008年11月6号 By通过 Horatio Morpurgo霍雷肖莫尔普戈 | Any English-speaker to whom Vaclav Havel has mattered owes a debt they’re probably unaware of to Paul Wilson. |任何英文发言的人哈韦尔了重要欠下的债务，他们很可能不知道保罗威尔逊。 His work as the Czech writer’s translator began thirty years ago but I discover, over a cup of coffee off Russell Square, that he first came to London from his native Canada ten years before that, to do a PhD on George Orwell.他的工作捷克作家的翻译始于30年前，但我发现，在喝一杯咖啡了罗素广场，他第一次来到伦敦，他的加拿大十几年前，做博士学位的乔治奥威尔。 He’s dapper, friendly, the blonde hair mostly silver now.他短小精悍，友好的金发现在大多银牌。 But as we talk the subject of those earlier studies recurs time after time.不过，正如我们谈论的主题是早期研究后复发的时间。 As a post-graduate in London in the mid-sixties Wilson happened on a season of the new Czech cinema and felt attracted to its atmosphere.作为一个毕业后在伦敦60年代中期发生的威尔逊本赛季新的捷克电影，并认为其吸引到大气中。 The PhD was left uncompleted: Orwell’s clairvoyance about Stalinism was already then proverbial – and already then controversial for many on the left – but clairvoyant is just what it was: except for very briefly in Barcelona, he had no direct experience of it.博士是左楼：奥威尔的千里眼约斯大林已经然后谚语-然后已经为许多争议的左侧-但千里眼正是它是：除了非常简单在巴塞罗那，他没有直接经验的。 It was in search of such experience that a younger, foot-loose Wilson travelled on to Czechoslovakia in 1967, where he taught English, learnt Czech and sang in a rock-band until being forcibly expelled in 1977.这是寻找这种经验，一个年轻，脚宽松威尔逊前往捷克斯洛伐克于1967年，他在那里教英语，学到捷克和唱的石头带，直到被强行驱逐于1977年。 Those were the days.这些都是天。 It was in Prague, not London, that he found writers and artists who seemed to be taking up where Orwell had left off.这是在布拉格，而不是伦敦，他认为作家和艺术家谁似乎是在考虑了奥威尔已经离开了。 For the Czechs at that time, he explains, Orwell, ‘especially in 1984, was too pessimistic about the future of humankind… he under-estimated the natural ability of people to dig under Newspeak and create their own living language.’对于捷克在那个时候，他解释说，奥威尔，特别是在1984年，太悲观人类的未来...他低估了自然的能力的人挖下的官方新闻和创造自己的生活语言。 The fluent Czech speaker who landed back in Canada was soon translating Vaclav Havel’s justly famous essay on this theme, The Power of the Powerless.捷克的一口流利的发言谁降落在加拿大回来不久翻译哈韦尔的公正有名的一篇关于这一主题，该国的无能为力。 It’s an exploration of the ways in which people do in fact, both spiritually and practically, resist dictatorship – and it’s an eloquent rejoinder to Orwell’s fatalism.这是一个探索如何在人民实际上，无论在精神上和实际上，抵制独裁统治-这是一个雄辩的回答到奥威尔的宿命论。 Wilson’s own search for a ‘living language’ was by now well underway.威尔逊自己寻找生活的语言'是现在正在顺利进行。 The fiction by Bohumil Hrabal and Josef Škvorecky to which he also turned his hand, ‘represented the political reality that people were living without being explicit about it.’ It was their very lightness of touch which made them so threatening to a regime hampered by its own humourlessness.该小说由博胡赫拉巴尔和约瑟夫Škvorecky而他也把他的手，代表了政治现实，人民生活没有得到明确的。 '这是他们非常轻松的触摸这使得他们这样威胁制度阻碍了其自己humourlessness 。 Then was then, of course.然后，然后，当然。 For those who control our contemporary mediascape, humourlessness is not so much a symptom of existential malaise – it’s just the ultimate PR howler.对于那些谁控制我们的当代mediascape ， humourlessness与其说是一个症状存在的弊病-它只是最终的公关号哭。 ‘It’s harder to get around PR speak,’ as Wilson puts it, ‘because it’sa cleverer form of manipulation.’ But his work with the kind of language which opposes it, however undemonstratively, has continued. '这是很难绕过公关发言，作为威尔逊所说的那样， ' ，因为这是聪明形式的操纵。 '但他的工作，什么样的语言来反对，但是undemonstratively仍在继续。 What had taken him to London and then on to Prague continued back in his native Canada: he edited literary magazines and got by as a freelancer for CBC and others.采取了什么他到伦敦，然后就到布拉格继续回到祖国加拿大：他编辑的文学杂志，并得到了作为一个自由的加拿大和其他人。 Such is the direction many in search of a living language end up taking – and that search is as troubled now as it ever has been.这是许多的方向，寻找生活的语言最终考虑-这是搜索不安，因为它现在都已经。 In the anglosphere Orwell’s reputation, that barometer of political unease, has undergone a dramatic revival over the past decade.在anglosphere奥威尔的声誉，这晴雨表的政治不安，经历了一个戏剧性的复兴在过去十年。 It’s English- not Czech-speakers these days who are anxiously holding up his dystopia alongside their own reality, for comparison.它的英文，而不是捷克这些天的发言者是谁焦急地举行了异位并肩自己的实际出发，进行比较。 It is in Whitehall, after all, not Hradčany, that a man can now be arrested when he holds up a placard reading ‘In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.’ For thus quoting Orwell in too close proximity to Number 10 Downing Street, Steven Jago was charged under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act, passed by the present government.正是在白厅，毕竟不是Hradčany ，一名男子现在可以被拘捕时，他担任了一个标语牌，读'在一个时间普遍欺骗，讲真话是一种革命性的行为。因此，对于引用奥威尔过于接近以数唐宁街10号，史蒂芬贾戈被指控的严重有组织犯罪和警察法，通过了本届政府。 ‘With the hindsight offered by history,’ as Drew Westen recently put it, ‘it’s fair to say that Orwell got the title of his book wrong by two decades.随着事后所提供的历史，作为西部德鲁最近所说的那样， '这是公平地说，奥威尔的标题了他的书错误的二十年。 His seminal novel should have been called 2004.’ It’s not so much ‘that Big brother rules,’ another American, Martin Kaplan, has suggested, ‘but rather that entertainment reigns.’他开创性的小说应该被称为2004年。 '这不是这么多'是大哥的规则，另一名美国，马丁卡普兰，建议，而是娱乐普遍存在。 You might think there would be little patience with such talk in today’s Central and Eastern Europe, most of which was quick to sign up to Bush’s ‘Coalition of the Willing’.你可能会认为会有一点耐心与这种言论在今天的中欧和东欧，其中大部分快速注册布什的'自愿联盟' 。 Wilson can confirm: ‘OK, the bloom is off the rose as far as market capitalism goes in the Czech Republic, but I don’t think they quite understand the extent to which this PR speak and the Big Lie approach to politics have really taken over… The wars in 1984 have no other purpose than to keep people in a state of perpetual fear – the politics of fear may not be central to Orwell’s thinking but they’re certainly central to the way Bush has governed.’威尔逊可以证实： '好吧，关闭盛开的玫瑰尽可能市场资本主义不用在捷克共和国，但我不认为他们明白这在多大程度上公关发言和弥天大谎，以政治方式真正实现了以上...在1984年战争中没有任何其他目的，而不是使人们的状态永久的恐惧-政治的恐惧可能不是奥威尔的核心思想，但他们肯定中央的方式布什管辖。 The new play which Wilson is in London for, however, Havel’s first for twenty years, points to a new awareness of how badly let down ‘New Europe’ has been by its complacency about today’s PR speak.新的发挥而威尔逊在伦敦，但是，哈韦尔首次对20年来，点到一个新的认识有多严重放下'新欧洲'已在其自满今天的公关发言。 Mafia capitalists have taken over the post-Communist state where the action is set.黑手党资本家接管后共产主义国家的行动是一套。 The country’s vain, bombastic former President continues to treat his family and the occasional reporter to speeches about ‘putting the individual at the centre of politics.’ One by one the other characters repeat this phrase back at him, out and out gangsters included, until the message is clear: the promise to ‘put the individual at the centre of politics’ means in effect whatever suits the individual who is making the promise.该国的徒劳的，嘐前总统继续把他的家人和偶尔的记者发表讲话关于'把个人为中心的政治。一个接一个的其他字符重复这句话在他回来，并列入了黑帮之前，信息是明确的：在承诺'把个人为中心的政治'是指无论在效果适合个人谁是决策的诺言。 For Wilson, ‘it’sa play about people who use the institutions and language of democracy to establish if not absolute then a very authoritarian kind of power.’肝豆状核变性，这是发挥人们谁使用的机构和语言建立民主，如果不是绝对的然后一个非常独裁的一种力量。 It’sa play, then, about concerns many in the English-speaking world now share, but none of the London reviews picked up on this.这是一个比赛，然后，担忧中的许多人讲英语的世界现在的份额，但在伦敦审查挑选了这一点。 Wilson: ‘In the London production the former president is played as a bit of a buffoon, but he doesn’t have to be.威尔逊： '在伦敦生产的前总统是发挥作为一个有点滑稽，但他不一定必须。 In the Czech production his capitulation to the new order played more on an element of the sinister.’ More specifically it heralds the return of a surveillance society.在捷克生产的投降新秩序发挥更多的一个组成部分险恶。具体地说它预示着返回的监视社会。 That nothing was made of this in the very country, Britain, where state surveillance is now the most intrusive in Europe, is itself noteworthy.没有什么事情是作出了这方面的非常的国家，英国，状态监测是目前最侵入欧洲，本身是值得注意的。 Havel’s hero-status suits us just fine: it permits us to admire without listening.哈韦尔的英雄地位适合我们只是罚款：它使我们能够欣赏不听。 Or perhaps, as some reviewers suggested, the very medium of theatre for messages like this is now something of a throw-back.或者，正如一些审评建议，非常戏剧中的邮件，这是现在有点掷回。 The translator’s art in particular, with all that meticulous verbal stitching and unstitching, might seem perhaps at best unglamorous, at worst downright quaint.翻译的艺术尤其是与所有细致的口头缝纫和unstitching ，似乎也许最好的27国外长非正式会议，在最坏的彻头彻尾的古雅。 Ill-suited to the present, anyway: just who in their right minds is banking on prose style or snappy dialogue in a world like this?不适合本，反正：到底谁在他们有权头脑是银行的散文风格或瞬间对话的世界中，这样呢？ Actually all kinds of people are.其实各种人。 Our ‘language of democracy’, or modern PR speak, is often written much more carefully the Newspeak Orwell satirised.我们的语言民主' ，或现代公关说话，常常是写更仔细官方新闻奥威尔satirised 。 As Wilson himself says, as a form of manipulation it is far cleverer than its predecessors.正如威尔逊本人说，是一种形式的操纵它是聪明远远比其前身。 But translating from ‘obscure’ languages, reporting on far-away countries of which we know very little, editing small magazines – the kind of culture Wilson has devoted himself to suggests something we tend to overlook perhaps.但是，把从'模糊'的语言，汇报遥远的国家，我们所知甚少，小杂志编辑-什么样的文化，威尔逊已经投身表明，我们往往忽略或许。 That one way round PR speak might be via the right kind of attachment to something we already know.这一轮的一种方式公关发言可能是通过正确的依恋的东西我们已经知道。 We do ourselves a disservice when we overplay the impact of PR on human nature.我们自己帮倒忙当我们表演过火的影响，对人类公关性质的。 Novelists and playwrights have after all understood, for centuries and millennia respectively, what advertisers and political advisers have only in the last few decades fully grasped: it’s stories that people listen to.小说家和剧作家都了解后，所有的世纪和千年分别是广告和政治顾问，只有在过去的几十年里充分把握：它的故事，人们听。 Money which wants to talk has learnt to bear that in mind.钱想谈获悉，以铭记这一点。 Writers as distinct from advertisers, however, have continued to insist on an idea the PR professionals long ago discarded: that severed from its roots in the truth, no story can flourish for long.作家有别于广告，但是，继续坚持一个想法的公关专业人士早已废弃：即断绝其根源在于真理，没有故事能够蓬勃发展的长久。 The PR industry was built up on a very different premise: uncouple your story from any corresponding reality, it says, then repeat it often enough, flavour it with pleasurable associations, and people will go on listening.公关业是建立在一个非常不同的前提：非耦合你的故事从任何相应的现实，它说，然后重复它往往不够，香味与愉悦协会，和人民将继续聆听。 Even if they scoff outwardly, just enough inside each member of your audience will go on listening to make the continual repetitions worthwhile.即使他们表面上嗤之以鼻，仅内每一个成员的您的观众将继续倾听，使不断重复是值得的。 To that extent the mixture of trivia, crisis porn and political advertising which now passes for ‘news’ presents us with an authentically new problem, but is the vigilance it requires of us so unprecedented?在此范围内的混合琐事，危机色情和政治的广告现在通行证'新闻'为我们提供了真正的新问题，但它的警觉，我们需要这样前所未有的？ The skills cultivated by good writers are essentially those by which we keep the stories we tell responsive to what is actually happening around us.技能培育的好作家基本上是这些，使我们保持我们的故事告诉回应什么是实际发生在我们周围。 Wilson quotes the motto from Orwell at the top of a well known blogsite which he follows and which has set out to track each lie told during the US Presidential campaign.威尔逊引号的座右铭从奥威尔上方的一个众所周知的博客，他如下，并已开始跟踪每个撒谎说在美国总统竞选。 That’sa tall order but the motto runs ‘To see what is in front of your nose needs a constant struggle.’ It was as a novelist himself that Orwell once said that he had wanted above all ‘to make political writing into an art’.这是一个艰巨的任务，但运行的座右铭'要看看前面是你的鼻子需要不断的斗争。 '这是作为一个小说家奥威尔本人曾经说过，他希望上述所有的' ，使政治写作成为一种艺术' 。 Far from some retreat into subjectivism he meant it should be held to the most exacting standards there are.远东一些主观退回到他的意思应该举行最严格的标准有。 The ghost of that unfinished PhD hovers over our discussion.鬼魂的未完成的博士徘徊在我们的讨论。 It is by operating within a verbal and narrative syntax which may not seem at all outwardly ‘original’ that genuine writing achieves its originality now.它是由内运作的口头和叙事语法可能似乎不是在所有表面上'原始' ，真正实现其书面现在独创性。 ‘When I was at school we were given these exercises where there was a sentence with a mistake in it which you had to find and correct,’ Wilson fondly recalls, ‘or there was a bad sentence and you had to turn it into a good one, or a weak sentence, say, and you had to turn it into a strong one.’ '当我在学校，我们给予这些演习那里是一句错误中你必须找到正确的，威尔逊深情地回忆说， '或有一个坏一句，你已经把它变成一个很好的一，或弱一句，说，你已经把它变成一个强壮的人。 The inconspicuous labour of reading, understanding and then transposing a literary text from one language into another is surely as radical a challenge to the present mediascape as any.劳动的不显眼的阅读，理解，然后转文学文本从一个语言到另一个肯定是激进的挑战，本mediascape任何。 Because to translate well is never to translate merely from one language into another, but from one sensibility and history into another.由于翻译以及永远不会把仅仅是从一种语言到另一种，而是从一个感性和历史到另一国。 To translate well is to believe in the kind of language which grows from an author’s clear-sighted, patiently integrated vision up, even if there is more and more language which grows from some well funded plausible deception down.为了把好相信什么样的语言，也来自作者的清晰，耐心一体化的构想了，即使有越来越多的语言，增加一些资金充足合理的欺骗了。 Done properly, the creating and translation of such work cannot but mitigate against the sound-bite and the slogan, against everything slick and misleading.处理得当，创造和翻译等工作不能减轻，但对健全咬和口号，反对一切带和误导的。 Dvorak in Love, the superb novel by Josef Škvorecky, to take one example, had to be re-organised in its entirety because its narrative structure in Czech assumed an outline familiarity with the composer’s life, and with the emigrant experience of Czechs in North America.德沃夏克的爱情，华丽的小说约瑟夫Škvorecky ，采取一个例子，不得不重新编排的全部，因为它的叙事结构在捷克承担大纲熟悉的作曲家的生活，并与移民经验，在捷克北美洲。 This could not be assumed for an English-speaking audience.这不能假定为讲英语的观众。 Wilson and Škvorecky collaborated and a new work emerged.威尔逊和Škvorecky合作和新的工作出现。 To translate is often to act effectively as an editor too, which can require the skills of a diplomat as much as those of a linguist.翻译往往是采取有效的编辑也可以需要的技能，作为一名外交官多的语言学家。 ‘There’s this huge suspicion of editors in what was Czechoslovakia, because of the history of censorship – so you can talk even now to young writers who will say ‘Do not touch my work – I want it exactly the way it is.’ Even Havel can be like that.’ '有怀疑这个庞大的编辑，这是捷克斯洛伐克，由于历史的封杀-这样您就可以通话即使是现在的年轻作家谁会说： '不要碰我的工作-我想这正是它的方式。即使哈韦尔可以这样的。 This version of culture, then, starts from a personal engagement with a particular vision and a particular place.这个版本的文化，那么，从个人的接触与特定的远见和某一特定地点。 It can only work as a collaborative venture.它只能作为一个协作企业。 ‘A life that is not dedicated to that which gives it meaning is not worth living,’ the philosopher Jan Patočka once wrote – the quote is as rendered into English by Wilson, as quoted in a prison letter of Havel’s. '生活，不是致力于那些赋予它的含义是不值得的生活， '哲学家扬Patočka曾经写道-报价是使成英文的威尔逊，引自一所监狱的信哈维尔的。 In our ratings-driven world such sentiments might seem a risky strategy but they have always been a risky strategy: Patočka himself died ‘whilst in Police custody’ in 1977.在我们的收视率驱动的世界这种情绪似乎一个冒险的策略，但他们始终是一个冒险的策略： Patočka本人死亡，而在警方拘留，于1977年。 Western societies have since perfected more entertaining ways to call off the search for a living language.西方社会已经完善更具娱乐性的方式取消寻找生活的语言。 That the search for it continues is not only the achievement of the Orwells and the Havels – though they tend to get most of the credit. ，寻找它仍然不仅是实现Orwells和Havels -尽管他们往往能得到大部分的信贷。 It is decisively down to the Paul Wilsons too.这是果断到保罗威尔逊太多。 And if the present cycle of perpetual war abroad justifying ever more controls at home, is going to be broken, ‘old-fashioned’ literary culture like this could come in useful.如果本周期的永久海外战争的理由更控制在家里，会被打破，老式的'文学文化这样可能会有益的。 Its long experience of how to phrase the awkward questions is still worth listening to.长期的经验如何词组的尴尬问题，仍然是值得一听。 Have Your Say: How not to do a PhD on George Orwell 你说：怎么不这样做博士学位的乔治奥威尔 Please read our请仔细阅读我们的 posting guidelines before posting张贴在发布前的指导方针 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以讨论这份报告在这里 . 。 Related News 相关新闻
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The views expressed in the RINF news wire and newsletter are the sole responsibility of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the webmaster. 中表达的意见RINF新闻电线和通讯是唯一的责任作者（ s ）和不一定反映意见的管理员。 RINF.COM: Breaking News & Alternative Media is Copyleft - Copy & Distribute Freely. RINF.COM ：打破新闻和其他媒体的版权-复制及分发自由。 News Forum 新闻论坛 |
