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Globale Herwaardering

Zondag, 7 September, 2008

Hoe Bush een Nieuwe Orde van de Wereld inspireerde

Door Ramzy Baroud | De reeks ongelukkige en dure besluiten die tijdens de twee termijnen van het beleid van Bush worden genomen, die met economische daling thuis worden gecombineerd, zou kunnen de wereld die van de V.S. verwoesten zich veel spoediger bevinden dan de meeste analisten voorspellen. Wat moeilijk was te voorzien was dat verzwakken van de globale overheersing van de V.S., aangespoord door onregelmatig en onverstandig buitenlands beleid onder Bush, de Koude Oorlog, aan een graad, over een grotendeels ver en schijnbaar etnisch-gebaseerd conflict - dat van Georgië en Rusland zou re-aansteken. Kon Who een mogelijke vereniging tussen Bagdad, Kaboel en Tbilisi voorspeld hebben?

Maar tot op heden zijn de daling van de wereldmacht van de V.S. aan de komst van het beleid van Bush, of zelfs de horrific gebeurtenissen van 11 September 2001, niet precies nauwkeurig. De snelle instorting van de Sowjetunie en het ontrafelen van het Pact van Warshau - vooral als vroegere leden van dat pact haastig aan lid geworden van NAVO in recentere jaren - machtigden een nieuw ras van de elite van de V.S. dat van de economische uitvoerbaarheid en de morele suprematie van ons-Gestileerd „Kapitalisme en de Democratie“ opschepte. Maar een eenpolige wereld stelde de leiding van de V.S. met immens voor, als niet een onoverkomelijke taak.

Terwijl 9/11 en een gung-ho voorzitter een geschikte kans boden om de globale overheersing van de V.S. opnieuw te beweren, werd de actie gevoerd het ogenblik de Sowjetunie instortte. Dergelijke inspanningen, echter, werden niet benadrukt tot 1997, met de totstandbrenging van het Project voor de Nieuwe Amerikaanse Eeuw (PNAC), een denkgroep van wie vele neo-conservatieve beleidsadviseurs werkten. Hun doel was „Amerikaanse globale leiding te bevorderen… [wat] zowel goed voor Amerika als goed voor de wereld.“ is William Kristol en Robert Kagan, stichters PNAC, werden geïnspireerd door het beleid Reaganite van „sterkte en morele duidelijkheid“. Maar dat vermoedelijk inspirerende model werd gerechtvaardigd op basis van de Koude Oorlog, die niet meer bestond. Het vormen van een vijand was een time-sensitive en essentiële taak om het van plaats veranderen van de bevoegdheid van de V.S. te rechtvaardigen om domeinen terug te winnen die met de verdwijning van het bipolaire internationale systeem leeg werden verlaten, dat sinds Wereldoorlog II bestond.

Het zelfs recentere rapport van PNAC, dat de Defensie van Amerika herbouwt: De strategieën, de Krachten, en de Middelen voor een Nieuwe Eeuw, die in 2000 wordt gepubliceerd, verschenen van weinig relevantie en urgentie. Het drukte de „overtuiging dat Amerika uit zijn positie van globale leiding zou moeten willen bewaren en uitbreiden door de superioriteit van de strijdkrachten van de V.S. te handhaven“. The report would have been another neglected document were it not for the terrorist attacks of 9/11, which turned it into a doctrine defining US foreign policies for nearly a decade.

The wars and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq were aimed at strengthening the US hand in protecting its interests and managing its international affairs. Afghanistan’s position was strategic in warding off the growth of the rising powers of Asia — aside from its military and strategic value, it was hoped to become a major energy supply route — while Iraq was to provide a permanent US military presence to guard its oil interests in the whole region and to ensure Israeli supremacy over its weaker, but rebellious Arab foes.

The plan worked well for a few weeks following the declaration of “Mission Accomplished” in Iraq. Since then, the US has learned that managing world affairs with a decidedly military approach is a recipe for disaster. Faced with foreign occupation, Iraqis fought back, creating a nightmare scenario and promising US defeat in their country. The US’s original plan to exploit the country’s fractious ethnic and religious groupings also backfired, as shifting alliances made it impossible for the US to single out a permanent enemy or a long-term ally. In Afghanistan, the picture is even more bleak as the country’s unforgivable geography, the corruption of US local allies, resurgence of the Taliban, and the US-led coalition’s brutal response to the Taliban’s emboldened ascension, has rendered Afghanistan a lost cause by any reasonable military standard.

But the trigger-happy mentality that has governed US foreign policy during the Bush years is no longer dominant and has been since challenged by a more sensible, dialogue-based foreign policy approach, as championed, reluctantly, by Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. The change of heart is not entirely moralistic, however, but largely pragmatic. According to a survey conducted jointly by Foreign Policy magazine and the Centre for a New American Security, published 19 February 2008, 88 per cent of present and former US military officers believe that the demands of the Iraq war alone have “stretched the US military dangerously thin”. Although not “broken”, 80 per cent believe it is “unreasonable to expect the US military to wage another major war successfully at present”, as reported by CNN. Such estimation is not too different from similar assessments provided by top US military commanders, most of who found their way to early retirement for similar reasons.

The new military limitations faced by the US in the Middle East have also resulted in the weakening of US political sway and standing. More, its regional allies have also suffered one blow after another: Israel in Lebanon, Georgia in South Ossetia, US allies in Venezuela and other South American countries, etc. Indeed, it is a matter of time before a challenger to US global hegemony arises and tests US resolve under new circumstances. While growing US involvement in Eurasia and its missile defence shield was considered part and parcel of the neo-con plan for “rebuilding America’s defences”, it was considered by Russia a threat to its national security.

The Georgian invasion of South Ossetia represented a golden opportunity for Moscow to send an unmistakable message to Washington. By crushing the US-Israeli trained Georgian army, Russia declared itself a contender to unchallenged US global dominance, which had lasted for nearly two decades. Countries such as Iran and Syria are quickly warming up to the new Russia, as the latter seeks to rebuild its own alliances and defences.

The nature and the direction of the US-Russian confrontation are yet to be determined with any reasonable preciseness. Internal and external factors for Russia itself (corruption, the oligarchs, and its ability to court a stable alliance) will all prove consequential in the current confrontation. What is clear, however, is that the upcoming US president will find himself face-to-face with a drastically altered world order, one that is defined by military pandemonium, national and global economic decline, and the rise of new powers, all vying to fill a widening, chaotic power vacuum, provided courtesy of the Bush administration.


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