Extradition of Paramilitary Chiefs - a Blow to Truth引渡準軍事酋長-打擊真相
By 通過 Constanza Vieira 康斯坦維埃拉 | Fourteen former paramilitary chiefs were quietly extradited from Colombia to the United States before dawn on Tuesday on drug trafficking charges, in a move that drew criticism from human rights experts. | 前14準軍事首領悄悄引渡從哥倫比亞到美國拂曉前週二對販毒收費，在一個動議提請批評的人權專家。
The militia chiefs were safe from extradition as long as they respected the 2005 “justice and peace law” that governed the demobilisation of the far-right paramilitary groups, which are blamed by the United Nations for 80 percent of the human rights crimes committed in Colombia’s four-decade civil war.民兵首領安全從引渡，只要他們尊重2005年“正義與和平法”治復員的極右翼準軍事團體，這是指責聯合國為80 ％的侵犯人權罪行的承諾，在哥倫比亞'四個十年的內戰。
President Álvaro Uribe said the 14 leaders were extradited because they continued committing crimes after demobilising, were not providing full confessions as required by the justice and peace law, and had failed to compensate their victims, “by hiding assets or delaying their handover.”烏里韋總統。 Álvaro說， 14日的領導人引渡，因為他們繼續犯下的罪行後， demobilising ，並沒有提供充分的供述所要求的正義與和平的法律，並沒有以補償他們的受害者， “隱藏的資產或延遲其政權交接” 。
“Manipulated truth is no longer truth. “操縱真理不再是真理。 Truth has to be told without calculations of timing, without delays,” said the president.真相已被告知沒有計算時間，沒有延誤，說： “主席。
“The government has requested, and the United States has agreed, that the wealth that the extradited persons agree to hand over through accords with judges in that country be dedicated to reparations for victims in Colombia,” he said. “政府已要求，和美國已同意，認為財富被引渡人同意交出通過，符合法官在該國，專責為受害者賠償在哥倫比亞， ”他說。
“There is nothing standing in the way of moral reparations being made from the United States,” added Uribe, to calm the worries of the victims of the paramilitaries, who include nearly four million people forcibly displaced from their homes. “有沒有常設的方式在道德賠償正在取得來自美國，補充說： ”烏里韋，冷靜的憂慮，受害者的準軍事部隊，誰包括近4萬人被迫流離失所從各自的家中。
Taken by surprise by the extradition, Rodrigo Tovar, alias “Jorge 40″, known for killing off Kankuamo Indians in the northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains, cursed and shouted that they had been betrayed, which would seem to indicate that there was no negotiation with the paramilitary chiefs for their extradition.所採取的突擊由引渡，羅德里戈托瓦爾，別名“豪爾赫40 ” ，被稱為殺人小康kankuamo印度人，在北部的內華達山脈德聖瑪爾塔山區，受詛咒的呼喊，他們被出賣，這似乎表明，不存在談判與準軍事酋長為引渡他們。
According to Tovar’s lawyer, Hernando Bocanegra, the paramilitary leaders were confessing to their crimes “little by little” because that is how the justice and peace law was designed.據托瓦爾的律師，赫爾南bocanegra ，準軍事的領導人承認他們的罪行“點點” ，因為這是如何的正義與和平法設計。
In the confession hearings, each survivor had the right to personally ask the paramilitary chiefs about their loved ones who had been killed.在聽證會供認，每個倖存者都有權親自要求準軍事酋長關於他們的親人誰已被殺害。 The defendants only responded when they personally knew about that particular murder, and had to consult with their subordinates when they didn’t, “which was the reason for the delay,” said the attorney.被告只回應時，他們親自了解認為，特別是謀殺，並徵詢他們的下屬時，他們沒有“ ，這是延誤的原因，說： ”律政司。
“They were talking,” said Bocanegra, who added that there was a “timeframe that was being followed. “他們說話，說： ” bocanegra ，誰補充說，有一個“時間表，這是被跟踪。 In the stage of confession, they had gotten to the chapter of murders, massacres and genocidal crimes.”在第二階段供認，他們得到了向章殺人，搶劫，屠殺和種族滅絕罪行“ 。
Some had started to give details on joint actions carried out by paramilitary groups and military units, another point on the agenda.一些已開始給予詳細的聯合行動所進行的準軍事團體和軍事單位，另一點於議程內。 Others had already announced that they would implicate local businessmen in their testimony.其他已宣布，他們將牽連到當地的商人在他們的證詞。
Among those who were extradited Tuesday were several top leaders, like Salvatore Mancuso, Diego Murillo, alias “Don Berna” — the heir to late druglord Pablo Escobar — and the commander of the paramilitary militias on the north coast of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Hernán Giraldo.當中誰被引渡週二幾個高層領導人一樣，薩爾瓦多曼庫索，迭戈略，別名“唐berna ” -王位繼承人晚d ruglord巴勃羅埃斯科瓦爾-和指揮官的準軍事民兵對北部海岸的內華達山脈德聖瑪爾塔，埃爾南希拉爾多。
Iván Cepeda, spokesman for the Movement of Victims of Crimes of the State (MOVICE), complained to the press that the extraditions would “seriously affect” the rights of survivors, and said they were aimed at keeping the paramilitary leaders from continuing to provide the names of military, political and business accomplices and allies.奧伊万‧西佩達，發言人運動罪行的受害者的國家（ movice ） ，抱怨向新聞界表示，引渡，將“嚴重影響”的權利的倖存者，並表示他們的目的是在保持準軍事領導人，繼續提供姓名的軍事，政治和商業的幫兇和盟友。
Eduardo Carreño, vice president of the José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers Collective, a human rights group, told IPS that “this move confirms what we have said from the start: that a Congress with a strong paramilitary presence legislated on its own behalf, and that the victims are the forgotten ones in this process.”愛德華多carreño ，副總統的何塞alvear restrepo律師集體，一個人權團體，告訴IPS “ ，此舉證實了我們已經說過，從一開始就：一國會與一個強大的準軍事存在的立法，就其個人的名義，並認為受害者是被遺忘的，在這個過程中“ 。
More than 60 lawmakers, nearly all of them pro-Uribe, are under investigation for their ties to the paramilitaries, as part of what has been dubbed the “parapolitics scandal.”六十以上的國會議員，幾乎所有的這些親烏里韋，正在調查他們的關係，以準軍事部隊，一部分已被稱為“ parapolitics醜聞” 。
They include the rightwing president’s cousin and main political ally, former senator Mario Uribe.它們包括右翼總統的堂弟和主要的政治盟友，前參議員馬里奧烏里韋總統。
Carreño said that “no one has ever talked to the victims, offered them guarantees, or made sure that there will be no repetition” of war crimes like torture, massacres, forced disappearances, targeted killings of community leaders, activists and trade unionists, and the forced displacement of rural families and communities to seize their land. carreño說： “從來沒有人談論向受害者，向他們提供擔保，或作出肯定不會有重複的”戰爭罪和酷刑一樣，大屠殺，強迫失踪，有目標的殺戮的社區領袖，活動家和工會，被迫流離失所的農村家庭和社區要抓住他們的土地。
According to the paramilitaries and their defenders, the war crimes were committed against “subversives,” people who collaborated with the leftist insurgent groups that emerged in the 1960s.根據該準軍事人員和他們的維護者，戰爭罪對“顛覆” ，人們誰合作，與左派叛亂團體出現在20世紀60年代。
“To think that reparations for the victims can be achieved from the United States is a total fallacy. “認為，賠償受害者，才能實現從美國是一個總的謬誤。 And it is impossible for the victims to take out passports and apply for visas” to the United States, said Carreño, referring to the possibility of survivors and family members of victims attempting to seek justice in that country.和，這是不可能的受害者採取了護照和申請簽證“到美國，說carreño ，指的可能性倖存者和家庭成員的受害者試圖討回公道在該國。
“This is a mockery,” Gustavo Gallón, director of the Colombian Commission of Jurists, another leading human rights organisation, told IPS. “這是一個嘲弄， ”古斯塔沃加隆主任，哥倫比亞法學家委員會，另一主要人權組織，告訴IPS 。
“It was clearly spelled out: if they were really committing crimes after demobilising — as they were doing — they were to be referred to the ordinary courts, as established by the justice and peace law,” where they would face sentences of up to 40 years rather than the light sentences, of no more than eight years, provided for by the agreement with the government, he said. “這是明確指出：如果他們真的犯下罪行後， demobilising -因為他們正在做的-他們被轉介到普通法院，成立由正義與和平法” ，他們將面對的刑期最高達4 0年而不是輕判，不超過八年，所規定的協議，與政府，他說。
The Uribe administration says it will send prosecutors and lawyers to the United States to collect the testimony of the former paramilitary chiefs, in order for the justice and peace law process to continue.該烏里韋政府說，它將派遣檢察官和律師到美國收集的證詞，前準軍事酋長，為了讓正義與和平法的過程中繼續下去。
Santiago Rodríguez, the former lawyer of Colombian drug trafficker Hernando Gómez Bustamante, who was extradited to the United States in mid-2007 after being deported to Colombia from Cuba, pointed out that a person cannot be tried for the same crime in two different places.聖地亞哥羅德里格斯，前律師哥倫比亞毒販埃爾南多戈麥斯布斯塔曼特，誰被引渡到美國在2007年年中後，被驅逐出境，哥倫比亞，古巴，指出，一個人不能試圖為同一犯罪在兩個不同的地方。
Furthermore, said Rodríguez, everything that the extradited paramilitaries say from this moment on can be used against them.此外，羅德里格斯說，一切都認為，引渡準軍事人員說，從這個時候就可以用來對付他們。
“I would not allow a client of mine to talk” about crimes committed in Colombia other than drug trafficking offences, for which the 14 were extradited, the Cuban-American lawyer said in a telephone interview from the United States with the Bogotá station W Radio. “我不會讓客戶礦井談”關於犯下的罪行在哥倫比亞販毒以外的罪行，其中14人被引渡，美籍古巴人律師在電話採訪中說，從美國與波哥大站瓦特電台。
He said he would only allow his client to talk if there were a written agreement approved by the US Justice Department guaranteeing protection from prosecution for other crimes.他說，他將只允許他的當事人談，如果有一份書面協議的批准，由美國司法部保證保護免受起訴的其他罪行。
He pointed out that according to the US Federal Rules of Evidence, testimony on other crimes provided by defendants during a trial — like the kind of confessions required by the justice and peace law — can be used against them.他指出，根據美國聯邦證據規則，證詞對其他罪行所提供的被告在審判期間-一樣，種的供述所規定的正義與和平的法律-可以用來對付他們。
According to Rodríguez, that means the former paramilitary chiefs extradited to the United States should not have to cooperate with the Colombian justice system, which could complicate their legal situation in the United States.據羅德里格斯，即前準軍事酋長被引渡到美國不應該有合作與哥倫比亞司法系統，這可能複雜，他們的法律狀況，在美國。 “Protections would have to be put in writing,” he reiterated. “的保護，便須以書面形式提出， ”他重申。
Leftwing Senator Gustavo Petro said President Uribe “dealt several blows in one” with the extraditions.左翼參議員古斯塔沃石化表示，烏里韋總統“處理幾個打擊，在一”與引渡。
“The first blow,” he told IPS, “is against truth.” “第一次打擊， ”他告訴IPS “ ，這是對真理” 。
“If Uribe says there is a pact with the United States” for the prosecution of war crimes to continue in that country, which does not recognise the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, “it is a secret pact, because no one knows about it. “如果烏里韋說，有一個條約，與美國”起訴戰爭罪行，繼續在該國，不承認管轄範圍內的國際刑事法院， “這是一個秘密協定，因為沒有人知道它。 The only thing the US is interested in is curbing drug trafficking,” he said.唯一的事，美國是有興趣的是遏制毒品販運， “他說。
“The second blow is against the victims and the possibility of compensation, which becomes even more remote if the truth is not revealed,” and “the third is against Colombian justice,” because with this decision, the president is “disregarding the Colombian justice system and recognising the US system,” said the senator. “第二次打擊是對受害者和賠償的可能性，這成為更加渺茫，如果真理是沒有透露， ”和“三是對哥倫比亞司法” ，因為這一決定，總統是“無視哥倫比亞司法系統和認識美國的制度，說： “參議員。
The National Commission for Reparations and Reconciliation (CNRR), created by the justice and peace law, called for “a cooperation agreement between the US Justice Department and Colombia’s Attorney-General’s Office, so that the rights of the victims are placed in a central spot on the judicial agenda.”全國委員會的賠償與和解（ cnrr ） ，所帶來的正義與和平的法律，所謂“之間的合作協定，美國司法部和哥倫比亞的總檢察長辦公室，使受害者的權利放在在一個中央點對司法的議程“ 。
Another agreement that should be reached, said the CNRR, would provide a guarantee that the victims “can move ahead with civil and criminal lawsuits against the extradited paramilitary chiefs and thus achieve respect for their rights.”另一項協議，應該達成共識，表示cnrr ，將提供一個保證受害者“ ，才能繼續向前邁進，與民事和刑事起訴引渡準軍事酋長，從而實現尊重他們的權利” 。
* With additional reporting from Helda Martínez. *與額外的報告從helda馬丁內斯。
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