Extradition of Paramilitary Chiefs - a Blow to Truth引渡准军事酋长-打击真相
By 通过 Constanza Vieira 康斯坦维埃拉 | Fourteen former paramilitary chiefs were quietly extradited from Colombia to the United States before dawn on Tuesday on drug trafficking charges, in a move that drew criticism from human rights experts. | 前14准军事首领悄悄引渡从哥伦比亚到美国拂晓前周二对贩毒收费，在一个动议提请批评的人权专家。
The militia chiefs were safe from extradition as long as they respected the 2005 “justice and peace law” that governed the demobilisation of the far-right paramilitary groups, which are blamed by the United Nations for 80 percent of the human rights crimes committed in Colombia’s four-decade civil war.民兵首领安全从引渡，只要他们尊重2005年“正义与和平法”治复员的极右翼准军事团体，这是指责联合国为80 ％的侵犯人权罪行的承诺，在哥伦比亚'四个十年的内战。
President Álvaro Uribe said the 14 leaders were extradited because they continued committing crimes after demobilising, were not providing full confessions as required by the justice and peace law, and had failed to compensate their victims, “by hiding assets or delaying their handover.”乌里韦总统。 Álvaro说， 14日的领导人引渡，因为他们继续犯下的罪行后， demobilising ，并没有提供充分的供述所要求的正义与和平的法律，并没有以补偿他们的受害者， “隐藏的资产或延迟其政权交接” 。
“Manipulated truth is no longer truth. “操纵真理不再是真理。 Truth has to be told without calculations of timing, without delays,” said the president.真相已被告知没有计算时间，没有延误，说： “主席。
“The government has requested, and the United States has agreed, that the wealth that the extradited persons agree to hand over through accords with judges in that country be dedicated to reparations for victims in Colombia,” he said. “政府已要求，和美国已同意，认为财富被引渡人同意交出通过，符合法官在该国，专责为受害者赔偿在哥伦比亚， ”他说。
“There is nothing standing in the way of moral reparations being made from the United States,” added Uribe, to calm the worries of the victims of the paramilitaries, who include nearly four million people forcibly displaced from their homes. “有没有常设的方式在道德赔偿正在取得来自美国，补充说： ”乌里韦，冷静的忧虑，受害者的准军事部队，谁包括近4万人被迫流离失所从各自的家中。
Taken by surprise by the extradition, Rodrigo Tovar, alias “Jorge 40″, known for killing off Kankuamo Indians in the northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains, cursed and shouted that they had been betrayed, which would seem to indicate that there was no negotiation with the paramilitary chiefs for their extradition.所采取的突击由引渡，罗德里戈托瓦尔，别名“豪尔赫40 ” ，被称为杀人小康kankuamo印度人，在北部的内华达山脉德圣玛尔塔山区，受诅咒的呼喊，他们被出卖，这似乎表明，不存在谈判与准军事酋长为引渡他们。
According to Tovar’s lawyer, Hernando Bocanegra, the paramilitary leaders were confessing to their crimes “little by little” because that is how the justice and peace law was designed.据托瓦尔的律师，赫尔南bocanegra ，准军事的领导人承认他们的罪行“点点” ，因为这是如何的正义与和平法设计。
In the confession hearings, each survivor had the right to personally ask the paramilitary chiefs about their loved ones who had been killed.在听证会供认，每个幸存者都有权亲自要求准军事酋长关于他们的亲人谁已被杀害。 The defendants only responded when they personally knew about that particular murder, and had to consult with their subordinates when they didn’t, “which was the reason for the delay,” said the attorney.被告只回应时，他们亲自了解认为，特别是谋杀，并征询他们的下属时，他们没有“ ，这是延误的原因，说： ”律政司。
“They were talking,” said Bocanegra, who added that there was a “timeframe that was being followed. “他们说话，说： ” bocanegra ，谁补充说，有一个“时间表，这是被跟踪。 In the stage of confession, they had gotten to the chapter of murders, massacres and genocidal crimes.”在第二阶段供认，他们得到了向章杀人，抢劫，屠杀和种族灭绝罪行“ 。
Some had started to give details on joint actions carried out by paramilitary groups and military units, another point on the agenda.一些已开始给予详细的联合行动所进行的准军事团体和军事单位，另一点于议程内。 Others had already announced that they would implicate local businessmen in their testimony.其他已宣布，他们将牵连到当地的商人在他们的证词。
Among those who were extradited Tuesday were several top leaders, like Salvatore Mancuso, Diego Murillo, alias “Don Berna” — the heir to late druglord Pablo Escobar — and the commander of the paramilitary militias on the north coast of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Hernán Giraldo.当中谁被引渡周二几个高层领导人一样，萨尔瓦多曼库索，迭戈略，别名“唐berna ” -王位继承人晚d ruglord巴勃罗埃斯科瓦尔-和指挥官的准军事民兵对北部海岸的内华达山脉德圣玛尔塔，埃尔南希拉尔多。
Iván Cepeda, spokesman for the Movement of Victims of Crimes of the State (MOVICE), complained to the press that the extraditions would “seriously affect” the rights of survivors, and said they were aimed at keeping the paramilitary leaders from continuing to provide the names of military, political and business accomplices and allies.奥伊万‧西佩达，发言人运动罪行的受害者的国家（ movice ） ，抱怨向新闻界表示，引渡，将“严重影响”的权利的幸存者，并表示他们的目的是在保持准军事领导人，继续提供姓名的军事，政治和商业的帮凶和盟友。
Eduardo Carreño, vice president of the José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers Collective, a human rights group, told IPS that “this move confirms what we have said from the start: that a Congress with a strong paramilitary presence legislated on its own behalf, and that the victims are the forgotten ones in this process.”爱德华多carreño ，副总统的何塞alvear restrepo律师集体，一个人权团体，告诉IPS “ ，此举证实了我们已经说过，从一开始就：一国会与一个强大的准军事存在的立法，就其个人的名义，并认为受害者是被遗忘的，在这个过程中“ 。
More than 60 lawmakers, nearly all of them pro-Uribe, are under investigation for their ties to the paramilitaries, as part of what has been dubbed the “parapolitics scandal.”六十以上的国会议员，几乎所有的这些亲乌里韦，正在调查他们的关系，以准军事部队，一部分已被称为“ parapolitics丑闻” 。
They include the rightwing president’s cousin and main political ally, former senator Mario Uribe.它们包括右翼总统的堂弟和主要的政治盟友，前参议员马里奥乌里韦总统。
Carreño said that “no one has ever talked to the victims, offered them guarantees, or made sure that there will be no repetition” of war crimes like torture, massacres, forced disappearances, targeted killings of community leaders, activists and trade unionists, and the forced displacement of rural families and communities to seize their land. carreño说： “从来没有人谈论向受害者，向他们提供担保，或作出肯定不会有重复的”战争罪和酷刑一样，大屠杀，强迫失踪，有目标的杀戮的社区领袖，活动家和工会，被迫流离失所的农村家庭和社区要抓住他们的土地。
According to the paramilitaries and their defenders, the war crimes were committed against “subversives,” people who collaborated with the leftist insurgent groups that emerged in the 1960s.根据该准军事人员和他们的维护者，战争罪对“颠覆” ，人们谁合作，与左派叛乱团体出现在20世纪60年代。
“To think that reparations for the victims can be achieved from the United States is a total fallacy. “认为，赔偿受害者，才能实现从美国是一个总的谬误。 And it is impossible for the victims to take out passports and apply for visas” to the United States, said Carreño, referring to the possibility of survivors and family members of victims attempting to seek justice in that country.和，这是不可能的受害者采取了护照和申请签证“到美国，说carreño ，指的可能性幸存者和家庭成员的受害者试图讨回公道在该国。
“This is a mockery,” Gustavo Gallón, director of the Colombian Commission of Jurists, another leading human rights organisation, told IPS. “这是一个嘲弄， ”古斯塔沃加隆主任，哥伦比亚法学家委员会，另一主要人权组织，告诉IPS 。
“It was clearly spelled out: if they were really committing crimes after demobilising — as they were doing — they were to be referred to the ordinary courts, as established by the justice and peace law,” where they would face sentences of up to 40 years rather than the light sentences, of no more than eight years, provided for by the agreement with the government, he said. “这是明确指出：如果他们真的犯下罪行后， demobilising -因为他们正在做的-他们被转介到普通法院，成立由正义与和平法” ，他们将面对的刑期最高达4 0年而不是轻判，不超过八年，所规定的协议，与政府，他说。
The Uribe administration says it will send prosecutors and lawyers to the United States to collect the testimony of the former paramilitary chiefs, in order for the justice and peace law process to continue.该乌里韦政府说，它将派遣检察官和律师到美国收集的证词，前准军事酋长，为了让正义与和平法的过程中继续下去。
Santiago Rodríguez, the former lawyer of Colombian drug trafficker Hernando Gómez Bustamante, who was extradited to the United States in mid-2007 after being deported to Colombia from Cuba, pointed out that a person cannot be tried for the same crime in two different places.圣地亚哥罗德里格斯，前律师哥伦比亚毒贩埃尔南多戈麦斯布斯塔曼特，谁被引渡到美国在2007年年中后，被驱逐出境，哥伦比亚，古巴，指出，一个人不能试图为同一犯罪在两个不同的地方。
Furthermore, said Rodríguez, everything that the extradited paramilitaries say from this moment on can be used against them.此外，罗德里格斯说，一切都认为，引渡准军事人员说，从这个时候就可以用来对付他们。
“I would not allow a client of mine to talk” about crimes committed in Colombia other than drug trafficking offences, for which the 14 were extradited, the Cuban-American lawyer said in a telephone interview from the United States with the Bogotá station W Radio. “我不会让客户矿井谈”关于犯下的罪行在哥伦比亚贩毒以外的罪行，其中14人被引渡，美籍古巴人律师在电话采访中说，从美国与波哥大站瓦特电台。
He said he would only allow his client to talk if there were a written agreement approved by the US Justice Department guaranteeing protection from prosecution for other crimes.他说，他将只允许他的当事人谈，如果有一份书面协议的批准，由美国司法部保证保护免受起诉的其他罪行。
He pointed out that according to the US Federal Rules of Evidence, testimony on other crimes provided by defendants during a trial — like the kind of confessions required by the justice and peace law — can be used against them.他指出，根据美国联邦证据规则，证词对其他罪行所提供的被告在审判期间-一样，种的供述所规定的正义与和平的法律-可以用来对付他们。
According to Rodríguez, that means the former paramilitary chiefs extradited to the United States should not have to cooperate with the Colombian justice system, which could complicate their legal situation in the United States.据罗德里格斯，即前准军事酋长被引渡到美国不应该有合作与哥伦比亚司法系统，这可能复杂，他们的法律状况，在美国。 “Protections would have to be put in writing,” he reiterated. “的保护，便须以书面形式提出， ”他重申。
Leftwing Senator Gustavo Petro said President Uribe “dealt several blows in one” with the extraditions.左翼参议员古斯塔沃石化表示，乌里韦总统“处理几个打击，在一”与引渡。
“The first blow,” he told IPS, “is against truth.” “第一次打击， ”他告诉IPS “ ，这是对真理” 。
“If Uribe says there is a pact with the United States” for the prosecution of war crimes to continue in that country, which does not recognise the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, “it is a secret pact, because no one knows about it. “如果乌里韦说，有一个条约，与美国”起诉战争罪行，继续在该国，不承认管辖范围内的国际刑事法院， “这是一个秘密协定，因为没有人知道它。 The only thing the US is interested in is curbing drug trafficking,” he said.唯一的事，美国是有兴趣的是遏制毒品贩运， “他说。
“The second blow is against the victims and the possibility of compensation, which becomes even more remote if the truth is not revealed,” and “the third is against Colombian justice,” because with this decision, the president is “disregarding the Colombian justice system and recognising the US system,” said the senator. “第二次打击是对受害者和赔偿的可能性，这成为更加渺茫，如果真理是没有透露， ”和“三是对哥伦比亚司法” ，因为这一决定，总统是“无视哥伦比亚司法系统和认识美国的制度，说： “参议员。
The National Commission for Reparations and Reconciliation (CNRR), created by the justice and peace law, called for “a cooperation agreement between the US Justice Department and Colombia’s Attorney-General’s Office, so that the rights of the victims are placed in a central spot on the judicial agenda.”全国委员会的赔偿与和解（ cnrr ） ，所带来的正义与和平的法律，所谓“之间的合作协定，美国司法部和哥伦比亚的总检察长办公室，使受害者的权利放在在一个中央点对司法的议程“ 。
Another agreement that should be reached, said the CNRR, would provide a guarantee that the victims “can move ahead with civil and criminal lawsuits against the extradited paramilitary chiefs and thus achieve respect for their rights.”另一项协议，应该达成共识，表示cnrr ，将提供一个保证受害者“ ，才能继续向前迈进，与民事和刑事起诉引渡准军事酋长，从而实现尊重他们的权利” 。
* With additional reporting from Helda Martínez. *与额外的报告从helda马丁内斯。
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