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Wednesday, June 11th, 2008週三, 2008年6月11日
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Are We Pro-Slavery?是我們的親奴隸制?

Wednesday, June 11th, 2008 週三, 2008年6月11日

proslavery.jpg By 通過 Walter Williams 沃爾特威廉姆斯 | Let’s do a thought experiment asking whether Americans are for or against slavery. |讓我們做思想實驗是否美國人贊成或反對奴役。 You might say, “What are you talking about, Williams? 你也許會說, “你談論,威廉姆斯? We fought a war that cost over 600,000 lives to end slavery!” To get started, we might find a description that captures the essence of slavery. 我們打了戰爭的費用超過60.0萬的生命結束奴隸制! “即可開始,我們可能找到一個描述擷取精髓的奴役。 A good working description is: slavery is a set of circumstances whereby one person is forcibly used to serve the purposes of another person and has no legal claim to the fruits of his labor. 一個良好的工作描述是:奴隸制是一套的情況下,讓一個人是強行使用服務的目的,另一人,並沒有任何法律要求的成果,他的勞動。

The average American worker toils from January 1st to the end of April, and has no legal claim to the fruits of his labor for that period. 美國人的平均工人勞役從1月1日至4月底,已沒有任何法律要求的成果,他的勞動,這一時期。 Federal, state and local governments, through the tax code, take what he produces. 聯邦,州和地方政府,通過稅法,採取什麼他產生的。 A small portion of the fruits of his labor is used to provide for the constitutional functions of government. 一小部分的成果,他的勞動是用來提供為憲法政府的職能。 Most of what’s taken, up to two-thirds, is given to some other American in the forms of farm and business subsidies, Social Security, Medicare, welfare and hundreds of other government handout programs. 最什麼的採取,增長到三分之二,是考慮到其他一些美國,在形式的農場和企業補貼,社會保障,醫療,福利及其他數百個政府的施捨程序。 As in slavery, one person is being forcibly used to serve the purposes of another person. 作為在奴隸制,一人是被強迫使用服務的目的,另一人。

You might ask, “Williams, aren’t you a bit off base? 你可能會問, “威廉斯,是不是你有點小康的基礎呢? Slavery means that you are owned by another person.” Who owns a person is not nearly important as who has the rights to use that person. 奴役意味著你所擁有的另一人。 “誰擁有一個人是不是近重要,因為誰擁有使用權人。 In other words, a plantation owner having the power to force a black to work for him would have been just as well off, and possibly better off, not owning him. 在其他換言之,一個種植園的業主擁有的權力,迫使一個黑色的工作,他會一直正如小康,並在可能的更好,而不是擁有他。 Not owning him means not having to bear medical expenses and loss of wealth if the slave died. 沒有擁有他的手段不用承擔醫療費用和損失的財富,如果奴隸死亡。 During World War II, Nazis didn’t own Jews, but they had the power to force them to labor for them. 二戰期間,納粹黨沒有自己的猶太人,但他們的權力,迫使他們的勞動為他們。 Not owning Jews meant that working and starving them to death had little cost to the Nazis. 不擁有猶太人的意思是工作和挨餓,他們的死亡幾乎沒有成本,以納粹。 The fact that American slaves were owned, with prices sometimes ranging from $800 to $1,300, meant that owners had a financial stake in the slave’s well-being and they were not worked and starved to death. 事實上,美國的奴隸,國有,有時不等的價格從800美元到$ 1300 ,這意味著業主有一個金融的股權,在奴隸的福祉和他們沒有工作和餓死。

You might argue that my analogy is irrelevant because unlike American slaves and Nazi concentration camp inmates, we can come and go as we please, live where we want, buy a car, clothes and other things with the money left over after the government gets four months’ worth of our earnings. 您可能認為我的比喻是不相干的,因為不像美國的奴隸和納粹集中營的囚犯,我們可以來來去去,因為我們請,住的地方我們希望,購買汽車,衣服和其他東西的錢遺留下來後,政府獲得4個月,值得我們的收入。 But, does that make much of a difference? 但是,這是否作出明顯的不同呢?

During slavery, visitors to the South often observed “a great many loose negroes about.” Officials in Savannah, Mobile and Charleston and other cities complained about “nominal slaves,” “virtually free negroes,” and “quasi free negroes” who were seemingly oblivious to any law or regulation. 在奴隸制,遊客到南,往往觀察“了大量鬆散的黑人。 ”官員在薩凡納,移動和查爾斯和其他城市的抱怨“的名義奴隸” , “幾乎是免費黑人” , “準自由黑人”誰被看似無視任何法律或法規。 Frederick Douglass, a slave, explained this phenomenon when he was employed as a Baltimore ship’s caulker: “I was to be allowed all my time; to make bargains for work; to find my own employment, and to collect my own wages; and in return for this liberty, I was … to pay him (Douglass’ master) three dollars at the end of each week, and to board and clothe myself, and buy my own caulking tools.” 馮檢道格拉斯,一個奴隸,解釋這一現象時,他被聘用為巴爾的摩船舶的caulker : “我是為了讓我所有的時間;作出討價還價的工作;找到自己的就業,並收集我自己的工資;並在返回這個自由,我是… …以他的薪水(道格拉斯, '師父) 3美元,上月底,每星期和董事會和衣物自己,購買自己的嵌縫工具“ 。

There are some benefits to being a quasi free person such as Frederick Douglass. 也有一些好處,以作為一個準自由人,如馮檢道格拉斯。 There are two ways US Congress might force me to serve the purposes of another American. 有兩種方法美國國會可能會迫使我服務的目的,另一位美國。 They might force me spend a couple of hours each day actually working, without compensation, for another American. 他們可能會迫使我花了幾個小時,其實每一天的工作,而無需給予補償,另一位美國。 Or, they might forcibly take a portion of my earnings so that American can hire someone. 或者,他們可能被迫採取的一部分,我的收入,使美國可以僱用一個人。 I see myself as being better off with Congress doing the latter — taking a portion of my earnings and giving it away. 我看到自己作為更好的小康與國會做後者-以部分我的收入和使它消失。

Some might be put off by my thought experiment and consider it an illegitimate use of the term “slavery.” At what point should we consider ourselves a quasi free American — when government takes two-thirds or three-quarters of our earnings? 有些人可能會被推遲,我的思想實驗,並認為它非法使用而言, “奴役” 。在什麼時候,我們應認為自己是一個準自由的美國-當政府需要有三分之二或四分之三,我們的收入呢?
Born in Philadelphia in 1936, Walter E. Williams holds a bachelor’s degree in economics from California State University (1965) and a master’s degree (1967) and doctorate (1972) in economics from the University of California at Los Angeles. 出生於費城76人於1936年,沃爾特e.威廉姆斯擁有學士學位,在經濟學上從加州州立大學( 1965年)和碩士學位( 1967 )和博士學位( 1972年)在經濟學上,由加州大學洛杉磯。

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