Negar livre circulação palestinianos na Cisjordânia

Friday, May 2nd, 2008 Sexta-feira, 2 de maio, 2008

By Stephen Lendman | Por Stephen Lendman | RINF - This article summarizes an August 2007 B’Tselem report now available in print. -- Este artigo resume um agosto 2007 B'Tselem relatório agora disponível em formato impresso. It’s one of a series of studies it conducts on life in Occupied Palestine to reveal what major media accounts suppress. É um de uma série de estudos que conduz a vida na Palestina Ocupados em revelar o grande mídia contas reprimir. This one is titled: “Ground to a Halt - Denial of Palestinians’ Freedom of Movement in the West Bank.” Esta é uma intitulado: "Ground a um impasse - Negação de palestinos" liberdade de circulação na Cisjordânia. " B’Tselem has a well-deserved reputation for accuracy and integrity. B'Tselem tem uma bem merecida reputação de integridade e precisão. It’s the Jerusalem-based independent Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). It's a Jerusalém-baseado independente israelense Central de Informações para os Direitos Humanos nos Territórios Palestinianos Ocupados (OPT). It was founded in 1989 by prominent academics, attorneys, journalists and Knesset members to “document and educate the Israeli public and policymakers about human rights violations in (Occupied Palestine), combat (the Israeli public’s) denial, and create a human rights culture in Israel” to convince government officials to respect human rights and obey international law. Foi fundada em 1989 por eminentes professores universitários, advogados, jornalistas e membros do Knesset "documento e educar a opinião pública israelita e responsáveis políticos sobre as violações dos direitos humanos na (Ocupados Palestina), lutar contra (os israelitas do público) negação de direitos humanos e criar uma cultura em Israel "para convencer os funcionários governamentais a respeitar os direitos humanos e cumpra o direito internacional.

Its work is detailed, wide-ranging, carefully researched, and based on hundreds of testimonies and dozens of on-the-ground observations. O seu trabalho é detalhado, de grande alcance, cuidadosamente pesquisados, e baseado em centenas de dezenas de testemunhos e sobre-o-terreno observações. For verification, it’s also cross-checked with relevant documents and other government sources. Para efeitos de verificação, é também cruzados com os documentos relevantes e de outras fontes governamentais. Work on this report was completed over a six month period in 2007. Os trabalhos sobre este relatório foi concluído num período de seis meses em 2007. It included information from other reports, statements from political and military officials, petitions to Israel’s High Court of Justice, and media accounts. Ela incluiu informações de outros relatórios, as declarações de funcionários políticos e militares, Israel's petições ao Tribunal Superior de Justiça, e os meios de comunicação contas.

B’Tselem states: “For the past seven years (since the September 2000 Second Intifada began), Israel has imposed restrictions and prohibitions on Palestinian movement that are unprecedented in scope and duration.” It refers to hundreds of permanent and temporary checkpoints, other obstacles, physical barriers, and Israel’s Separation Wall (ruled illegal by the World Court) on confiscated Palestinian land. B'Tselem afirma: "Durante os últimos sete anos (desde a Segunda Intifada começou setembro 2000), Israel impôs restrições e proibições de circulação palestinos que estão sem precedentes em termos de âmbito e duração." Refere-se a centenas de controlo permanente e temporária, outros obstáculos, barreiras físicas, e Israel's Separation Wall (deliberou ilegal pelo Tribunal Mundo) confiscados em território palestiniano.

Free movement in the West Bank is severely restricted and nearly always entails “intolerable and arbitrary delays, much uncertainty, friction with soldiers, and often substantial expense.” B’Tselem stresses that throughout 2008, it will continue to focus on this topic - with new maps, short videos, and various “public education and advocacy activities to highlight” Israel’s unnecessary, outlandish and illegal restrictive measures. Livre circulação na Cisjordânia é severamente restringido e quase sempre acarreta "intolerável e arbitrária atrasos, muitas incertezas, atrito com soldados, e, muitas vezes, custa substancial". B'Tselem salienta que em todo 2008, irá continuar a centrar-se sobre este tema - a novos mapas, vídeos curtos, e de várias "atividades de educação pública e advocacia para destacar" Israel's desnecessária, persa e ilegal de medidas restritivas. People need to know, and B’Tselem intends to tell them. As pessoas precisam de saber, e B'Tselem tem a intenção de dizer-lhes.

This is its 14th report on this topic since September 2000. Este é o seu 14o relatório sobre este tema desde setembro de 2000. Previous ones covered specific type restrictions like checkpoints, for-Jews only roads, and the Separation Wall. Anteriores cobertos tipo específico restrições como a verificação, apenas para os judeus-estradas, e muro de separação. The one is comprehensive. A um é abrangente. It surveys all of them and their collective effects on Palestinians’ lives. É de todos os inquéritos sobre eles e os seus efeitos sobre o colectivo dos palestinianos vidas.

The measures aren’t new or restricted to the West Bank. As medidas não são novos ou restrito à Cisjordânia. They’ve been ongoing since the early 1990s and have undergone expansion and refinement ever since. Eles foram em curso desde o início dos anos 1990 e tenham sido submetidos a expansão eo aperfeiçoamento desde então. Until 1991, Palestinians (except small numbers designated security threats) could move freely throughout the Territories and were able to enter and stay in Israel during daytime hours. Até 1991, palestinos (exceto pequenos números designados ameaças de segurança) poderão circular livremente em todo o território e foram capazes de entrar e permanecer em Israel durante a hora diurna. It helped Palestine establish social, cultural and commercial ties to its neighbor, Israeli Arab citizens in it, as well as between Gaza and the West Bank. Ele ajudou a estabelecer Palestina social, cultural e comercial que mantém com a sua vizinha, em que os cidadãos árabes israelitas, bem como entre Gaza ea Cisjordânia.

During the January 1991 Gulf war, everything changed. Durante a guerra do Golfo janeiro 1991, tudo mudou. General permits were cancelled and replaced by new restrictive policies. Outros títulos foram cancelados e substituídos por novas políticas restritivas. Thereafter, all Palestinians needed (selectively authorized) permits to enter Israel and East Jerusalem. Posteriormente, todos os palestinianos necessários (selectivamente autorizada) permite a entrada Israel e Jerusalém Oriental. Checkpoints and barriers were erected for enforcement. Verificação e barreiras foram erguidas para a execução. They’ve restricted movement ever since, and at times, like the 1993 killings of nine Israelis, became a general closure policy. Eles circulação restrita desde então, e por vezes, à semelhança dos israelitas nove assassinatos de 1993, passou a ser uma política geral encerramento. All free movement was halted, Palestinians lost their jobs in Israel, few opportunities at home could replace them, and the Territories suffered great economic and social harm. Todos livre circulação foi interrompida, palestinos perderam os seus postos de trabalho em Israel, poucas oportunidades em casa poderia substituí-los, e os Territórios sofrido grandes prejuízos económicos e sociais.

Closure also split the OPT into three areas: East Jerusalem, the remaining West Bank and Gaza. Encerramento também dividir a OPT em três áreas: Jerusalém Oriental, os restantes Cisjordânia e Faixa de Gaza. After September 2000, Israel tightened free movement further and continues harassing and containing relentlessly. Depois de setembro de 2000, Israel reforçou ainda mais livre circulação e continua perturbando e contendo incansavelmente. Two main factors explain how: Dois fatores explicam como principais:

– Israel’s “ever-expanding settlement enterprise….along the length and breadth of the West Bank;” they’re on strategically chosen and most valued lands; in areas designed to contain Palestinian city expansions; further harmed by Israel’s (for-Jews-only) bypass roads that constrict, isolate and divide West Bank areas; and -- Israel's "em expansão liquidação empresa…. Ao longo do comprimento e largura da Cisjordânia," eles estão em estrategicamente escolhidos e mais valorizadas terras; em áreas destinadas a conter palestiniano cidade expansões; ainda mais prejudicados por Israel's ( --apenas para os judeus) bypass estradas que constrict, dividir e isolar Cisjordânia áreas, e

– the effects of the Oslo Accords; they split the West Bank into three areas - Area A under Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civil affairs control; Area B under Israel security and right to restrict free movement; and Area C under total Israeli control, including on matters relating to land, planning and building; Areas B and C comprise 80% of the West Bank, including its main roads, so that lets Israel restrict movement how, when, for as long, and for whatever purpose it wishes over most of the Territory. -- Os efeitos dos acordos de Oslo; eles dividir a Cisjordânia em três áreas - Um Espaço sob Autoridade Palestiniana (AP) de segurança e de controlo civil dos assuntos; Zona B ao abrigo do direito de Israel de segurança e de restringir livre circulação; Área C e sob total controle israelense , Incluindo sobre questões relacionadas com a terra, planejamento e construção; Areas B e C compreende 80% da Cisjordânia, incluindo os seus principais estradas, de modo que permite que Israel restringe movimento como, quando, durante tanto tempo, e para qualquer fim que desejar mais a maior parte do Território.

After September 2000, its measures were hardened. Depois de setembro de 2000, as suas medidas foram endurecidas. It clamped down on free movement, isolated Palestinians in cantonized enclosures, and made a fundamental human right a privilege to grant or withhold as it pleases. É bloqueadas estabelece a livre circulação de palestinos isolados em cantonized recintos, e fez um direito humano fundamental, um privilégio de conceder ou reter como bem entende. Its pretext is security but, in fact, that’s false. Pretexto é a sua segurança, mas, na verdade, isso é falso. The real aim is harassment, land grab, and a state-sponsored expulsion plan so Israel can seize all the land it wants for Jews only. O verdadeiro objectivo é o assédio, a terra garra, sob os auspícios do Estado e um plano de expulsão tão Israel pode aproveitar todas as terras que quer apenas para os judeus. It’s gone on for decades and so far unchallenged by the world community. Foi-se há décadas e na medida em claro a comunidade mundial. B’Tselem wants to stop it along with all other law violations so Palestinians can have their long denied justice they deserve and should get. B'Tselem quiser interrompê-la, juntamente com todas as outras violações lei tão palestinos podem ter seus longos negada justiça que merecem e devem receber.

Israel’s Means to Control Movement Israel's Meios de Controle do Movimento

B’Tselem divides Israeli control into three categories reflecting “different layers” of restrictive policy. Controle israelense B'Tselem divide em três categorias refletindo "diferentes camadas" da política restritiva. They, in turn, build on each other and are interrelated: Eles, por sua vez, basear-se em si e são interdependentes:

– physical means to divert movement to certain passageways and roads and prevent access to others; -- Meios físicos para desviar a circulação certas passagens e as estradas e impedir o acesso a outros;

– restrictions and prohibitions that first layer physical tools enforce; and -- Restrições e proibições que a primeira camada física ferramentas valer, e

– the means to ease or tighten, selectively and under careful monitoring, second layer restrictions and prohibitions. -- Os meios para aliviar ou apertar, selectivamente e ao abrigo de um acompanhamento cuidadoso, segunda camada restrições e proibições.

The essential idea is that in combination these layers represent a single control mechanism, all parts operate together, and determining their impact requires evaluating the combined effect of four types of control: A ideia essencial é que, em combinação dessas camadas representam um único mecanismo de controlo, todas as partes operam em conjunto, e determinar o seu impacto exige a avaliação do efeito combinado de quatro tipos de controle:

(1) obstructions to deny access to main roads; they divert Palestinians to checkpoints where the army (IDF) supervises movement from one area to another or can deny it altogether; obstructions are in different forms - dirt mounds, concrete blocks, boulders, trenches, fences and iron gates; their numbers have gradually increased and in mid-2007 totaled 455 throughout the West Bank; they limit pedestrian and vehicular movement, and especially affect the elderly, the ill, pregnant women and small children; they’re even more restrictive in winter when water accumulation turns dirt areas muddy; (1) obstruções de negar o acesso às principais estradas; eles desviar palestinianos a verificação onde o exército (FIL) supervisiona circulação a partir de uma zona para outra ou pode negar-la completamente; obstruções estão em diferentes formas - sujeira montes, concreto blocos, calhaus, trincheiras , Cercas e portões de ferro; seu número tem aumentado gradualmente e, em meados-2007 totalizaram 455 em todo o território da Cisjordânia; eles limite circulação pedestre e veicular, e afectará sobretudo os idosos, os enfermos, mulheres grávidas e crianças pequenas; eles são ainda mais restritivas no inverno, quando a água enlameada acumulação voltas sujeira áreas;

(2) permanent staffed checkpoints; they’re fairly constant in number, and Israel has used them to some degree throughout 41 years of occupation; they gained prominence, however, after Israel cancelled general-entry (free movement) permits in 1991; they were then expanded during the Second Intifada; over time, they’ve become the most conspicuous occupation symbol and one of its most hated; (2) pessoal permanente verificação; eles são bastante constante em número, e Israel tem utilizado-los a algum grau em todo 41 anos de ocupação; eles ganharam destaque, no entanto, depois de Israel cancelou geral-entrada (livre circulação) autorizações, em 1991; eles foram, então, expandiu durante a Segunda Intifada, ao longo do tempo, eles se tornam os mais conspícua ocupação símbolo e um dos seus mais odiados;

– in mid-2007, 80 were in place of which 33 were the last inspection point before entering Israel along the Green Line; the other 47 lie inside the West Bank, some with control towers; seven are to transfer goods; they’re called “back-to-back” because merchandise is unloaded on one side, checked, then reloaded on another truck on the other side; operating times vary - many open at 6AM and close at night; others are staffed around the clock but limit crossings to “urgent humanitarian” cases; -- Em meados-2007, 80 dos quais estavam em vigor 33 foram a última inspecção ponto antes de entrar para Israel, ao longo da Linha Verde; os outros 47 se situam no interior da Cisjordânia, alguns com controle torres; sete estão a transferir bens; eles são chamados "Back-to-back" porque mercadoria é descarregada de um lado, controlados e, em seguida, recarregado em outro caminhão do outro lado; operam vezes variar - muitas abrir e fechar a 6AM à noite, outras equipes estão em volta do relógio, mas limitar a travessias "Urgência humanitária" casos;

– movement restrictions vary from one checkpoint to another and always at Israel’s discretion; to pass, travelers must show proper ID or crossing permits; searches may be conducted; procedures are at the discretion and mood of soldiers; some checkpoints are for pedestrians only; others are restricted to commercial and public transportation. -- As restrições aos movimentos variam de um checkpoint para o outro e sempre em Israel's discrição; para passar, os viajantes devem mostrar boa identificação ou travessia permita; pesquisas podem ser realizadas e os procedimentos a critério do humor e soldados, alguns controlos são apenas para pedestres ; Outros são limitados aos comerciais e de transporte público.

(3) so-called flying checkpoints; they’re temporary, may be erected anywhere, and remain for hours or longer; in recent years, they’ve increased in numbers - from a weekly average of 73 in late 2005 to 136 in 2006 to about 150 in 2007 and at times up to 200. (3) os chamados voar controlo; eles são temporários, podem ser erguidas em qualquer lugar, e permanecem por horas ou mais, nos últimos anos, eles aumentaram em número - a partir de uma média semanal de 73 no final de 2005 para 136 em 2006 para cerca de 150 em 2007, e às vezes até 200. Again, the pretext is security, their real aim is to harass, and no one does it better than Israelis. Mais uma vez, é o pretexto de segurança, o seu verdadeiro objectivo é o de assediar, e ninguém faz isso melhor do que israelitas.

Consider the effects of all checkpoints. Considere os efeitos de todos os locais de controlo. Since September 2000, they’ve become “the main (source of) friction (between) Palestinians and Israeli security forces.” They generate tension, create uncertainty, deny or delay passage, humiliate and overall makes things intolerable. Desde setembro de 2000, foi ele quem tornou "o principal (fonte de) fricção () entre palestinianos e israelitas forças de segurança." Elas geram tensão, cria insegurança, negar ou retardar passagem, humilham e global que torna as coisas intoleráveis. They’re also degrading by demanding that males expose their upper bodies in public simply as a way to harass them. Eles também estão exigindo que a degradante do sexo masculino expor as suas instâncias superiores em público simplesmente como uma forma de perseguir os mesmos.

It gets worse by selective detentions in so-called “positions” - isolated holding areas for additional “security” checks that, in fact, are to punish and further humiliate; they can last hours, in exposed heat or cold, without food or water, and at times include physical abuse; many Palestinians are affected daily; Israel’s high command has full knowledge; the government does as well; nominal recommendations are made to stop it, yet abuse continues and few offenders are ever punished. Trata-se agravar com detenções selectivas nos chamados "cargos" - exploração isolada novas áreas de "segurança" verifica que, na verdade, são para punir e humilhar ainda mais, pois eles podem última hora, exposta no calor ou frio, sem comida ou água , E, por vezes, incluem abuso físico; muitos palestinianos são afectadas diariamente; Israel o alto comando tem pleno conhecimento; o governo faz tão bem; nominais são feitas recomendações para interrompê-la, ainda continua abuso e poucos criminosos sejam punidos nunca.

(4) the Separation Wall; in June 2002, Israel decided to build it; again the claim was security; in fact, it was separation and theft of over 10% of Palestinian land, including for-Jews only roads to connect settlements with Israel and other settlements; most of the Wall is completed; its planned length is 721 kilometers; only 20% of it lies along the Green Line; most of it runs deep inside the West Bank; near Jerusalem, it surrounds the Ma’ale Adumim settlements about 14 km into the West Bank on stolen Palestinian land; (4) muro de separação; em junho de 2002, Israel decidiu construir a ele; novamente o pedido foi segurança, na verdade, era separação e roubo de mais de 10% das terras palestinianas, incluindo para os judeus-estradas só para ligar assentamentos com Israel e de outras localidades, a maior parte do muro está concluída; planeada a sua duração é 721 km; apenas 20% do que se situa ao longo da Linha Verde, a maior parte delas é mais profunda dentro da Cisjordânia, perto de Jerusalém, que rodeia a Ma'ale Adumim assentamentos cerca de 14 km na Cisjordânia roubada em terras palestinianas;

– its route creates two kinds of Palestinian enclaves - villages and farmland between the Wall and Green Line (in the “seam zone”) on the Israeli side of the barrier; another area comprises villages on the Palestinian side that are surrounded on three or more sides because of the route’s winding path or that the Wall meets roads on which Palestinian movement is forbidden or physical obstructions prevent it. -- Sua rota cria dois tipos de enclaves palestinos - entre as aldeias e terras agrícolas e de Wall Linha Verde (na "zona costura") do lado israelita da barreira; outra área compreende povoações do lado palestiniano que são rodeados por três ou mais lados, devido à rota do caminho sinuoso ou que o Muro de preencher estradas em que é proibido movimento palestiniano impedimentos físicos ou evitá-lo.

Physical restrictions and movement prohibitions give Israeli security forces more latitude, and they take full advantage through a fourfold layer of control: Físico restrições e proibições movimento dar maior latitude forças de segurança israelitas, e lhes tirar pleno partido quatro vezes através de uma camada de controle:

(1) by imposing a siege to completely or partially prevent Palestinians from crossing to or from a certain area as well as isolating the area from other parts of the West Bank; it’s done with physical obstructions to block access and force residents to pass through staffed checkpoints; closing off the area facilitates sweeping movement prohibitions on specific classifications of people by gender, age or place of residence; the IDF claims their “risk profile” makes them “potential terrorists;” targeting them by siege is a frequently used post-September 2000 tactic; large areas of the West Bank have been affected; their degree of harshness varies; and areas like the Jordan Valley, Area A and cities like Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarm and Hebron have been especially impacted. (1), impondo um cerco total ou parcialmente para impedir a passagem de palestinos ou a partir de uma certa área, bem como isolar a área a partir de outras partes da Cisjordânia; ele é feito com impedimentos físicos para bloquear o acesso e as forças de moradores de passar através da verificação pessoal; fechar a área facilita a varrer as proibições à circulação de pessoas classificações específicas por sexo, idade ou local de residência; o IDF suas reivindicações "risco elevado" torna-os "potenciais terroristas;" segmentação por eles cerco é frequentemente utilizado um post - Setembro de 2000 tática; grandes áreas da Cisjordânia têm sido afectadas; seu grau de dureza variável; e de regiões como o Vale do Jordão, Zona A e cidades como Nablus, Jenin, Hebron e Tulkarm, foram especialmente afetadas.

– in December 2001, the West Bank IDF commander signed the Proclamation Regarding the Closure of Area (Encirclement) (Area A); it classified it as a closed military area, was unlimited in duration and still remains in force; in April 2007, a separate order was issued for Nablus restricting entry to and exit from the city to certain checkpoints; again the army claims it’sa security measure “to prevent terrorists and materiel from leaving Palestinian towns in Judea and Samaria….” -- Em dezembro de 2001, a Cisjordânia FIL comandante assinou a Proclamação relativo ao encerramento do espaço (cerco) (Zona A), ele é classificado como uma zona militar fechada, era de duração ilimitada, e ainda se mantém em vigor, em abril de 2007, um separado ordem foi emitida Nablus para restringir a entrada e saída da cidade para determinados controlo; novamente o exército reivindicações é uma medida de segurança "para impedir os terroristas e material de sair de cidades palestinianas na Judéia e Samaria…".

(2) the “seam zone;” Israelis say it’s the enclosed area between the Green Line and Separation Wall; when its first section was completed (in October 2003), the IDF declared this section a closed military area with entry into it forbidden; later areas may also be closed off, but even ones that aren’t will have severe movement restrictions the way they’re imposed throughout the West Bank; all Palestinians are affected; Jews and foreigners have permits permitting easy entry and exit. (2) a "zona costura;" israelenses dizem que é a área delimitada entre a Linha Verde e Separação Wall; quando foi concluída a sua primeira secção (em outubro de 2003), a FIL declarou nesta secção uma zona militar fechada com a entrada em que proibido; posterior áreas também poderão ser fechadas, mas mesmo aqueles que não são severas restrições à circulação terá a forma como eles são impostas em todo o território da Cisjordânia; todos os palestinianos são afectados; judeus e os estrangeiros têm licenças permitindo fácil entrada e de saída.

(3) prohibiting travel on certain roads for Jews only; on some roads, no Palestinian vehicles are allowed; on others, travel is allowed for ones with special permits; the Oslo Accords set the rules; most often (but not always), Palestinians may travel on Areas A and B roads but prohibited or restricted in Area C; they’re excluded from about 311 km of West Bank roads for Jews only; they connect settlements to Israel or other settlements. (3) proíbe a viagem em determinadas estradas só para judeus; em algumas estradas, não são permitidos veículos palestinos; em outros, é permitida a viagem para aqueles com autorizações especiais; os acordos de Oslo definir as regras; na maioria das vezes (mas nem sempre), palestinianos maio de viagem em áreas A e B estradas, mas proibido ou limitado na Zona C; eles são excluídos de cerca de 311 km de estradas da Cisjordânia para os judeus apenas, ligar estes colonatos de Israel ou de outros assentamentos.

– rules are so harsh and convoluted that further restrictions are imposed on some roads Palestinians may use; an example is forbidding Palestinian vehicles from crossing a road, requiring passengers to leave their vehicles on one side, cross on foot, and get other transportation on the other side; this creates great hardship, is only to harass, and in cases of passenger illness or mothers in labor it may be life-threatening; in addition, Israeli security forces have great enforcement latitude; orders are issued verbally, not in writing, and soldiers at checkpoints can pretty much do as they please, depending on their mood. -- Regras são tão duras e mais complexa que são impostas restrições algumas estradas palestinos podem utilizar; é um exemplo proibindo palestinianos atravessam uma estrada de veículos, exigindo aos passageiros que deixam seus veículos, por um lado, atravessar a pé, e obter outros transportes sobre o outro lado, isso cria grandes dificuldades, é apenas o de assediar e, em caso de doença ou passageiros mães em maio trabalhistas que a vida em risco, além disso, as forças de segurança israelitas têm grande latitude execução; são emitidas ordens verbais, e não por escrito, e de soldados a verificação pode fazer o que lhes parece muito por favor, dependendo de seu humor.

(4) harsh travel laws act as deterrence; they impose high fines and/or insurance requirements; Palestinian violators are treated discriminatorily; and a high percentage of drivers are affected. (4) dura viagem leis agir como dissuasão, que impõe multas elevadas e / ou requisitos de seguro; palestiniano infratores são tratados discriminação, e uma alta percentagem de condutores são afectados.

To counter public criticism, Israel issued two selective easing measures; they help some Palestinians but tighten movement restrictions for others: Para contrariar crítica pública, Israel emitiu duas medidas selectivas flexibilização, pois eles ajudam alguns palestinianos, mas apertar as restrições aos movimentos de outros:

(1) the permits regime; since 1991, Israel required Palestinians to have personal entry permits to enter its territory and East Jerusalem; after 1996, Palestinians also needed permits to enter West Bank jurisdictional areas; post-September 2000, rules were further tightened; some Palestinians must have permits to enter, remain in, or leave large areas inside the West Bank, including the “seam zone” and areas under siege; other permits are needed to arrange (passenger and commercial) vehicular checkpoint crossings; a limited number are allowed based on the capacity of security forces to inspect vehicles, goods and passengers; (1) o regime permite, desde 1991, Israel tem exigido palestinianos a entrada pessoais permite a entrar no seu território e de Jerusalém Oriental; após 1996, palestinos também necessárias autorizações para entrar Cisjordânia áreas jurisdicionais; pós-setembro de 2000, as regras foram ainda mais apertada; alguns palestinianos devem ter autorização para entrar, permanecer em, ou deixar grandes áreas no interior da Cisjordânia, incluindo a "zona costuras" e áreas sob cerco; outras autorizações são necessárias para organizar (passageiros e comerciais) veicular checkpoint travessias; um número limitado são permitida com base na capacidade das forças de segurança para inspecionar veículos, mercadorias e de passageiros;

– B’Tselem lists nine different type permits for passenger vehicles - commercial ones; public ones for taxis and buses; movement in areas under encirclement; humanitarian ones; for permanent “seam zone” residents; for daily “seam zone” entry; “seam zone” entry for farming or work; and to enter the Jordan Valley; -- B'Tselem enumera nove tipos diferentes autorizações para os veículos de passageiros - comerciais; as públicas para táxis e autocarros; circulação nas áreas sob cerco; humanitária queridos; permanente para a "zona costura" residentes; diário de "zona costura" entrada "; costura zona "entrada para a agricultura ou trabalho, e para entrar no Vale do Jordão;

– movement restrictions and prohibitions are so onerous and for so many reasons that Israelis consider permits a privilege; for Palestinians, they’re essential to meet daily needs; West Bank District Coordination Offices (DCOs) issue them, but procedures are unclear and lack transparency; B’Tselem believes “two general and sweeping criteria must be met” to get one: -- Movimento restrições e proibições são tão onerosa e por tantas razões israelitas consideram que permite um privilégio; para palestinos, eles são essenciais para satisfazer necessidades diárias; Cisjordânia Distrito Coordenação Gabinetes (DCOs) assunto deles, mas os procedimentos são pouco claros e falta transparência ; B'Tselem acredita "varrer geral e dois critérios devem ser cumpridos" para obter uma:

(a) “lack of ‘prevention,’ either for security or police-related reasons relating to the applicant,” and (a) "falta de" prevenção ", quer para fins de segurança ou da polícia relacionadas com motivos relacionados com os candidatos", e

(b) having documents to show justification for the request. (b) ter documentos a apresentar justificação para o pedido.

Quotas exist in all cases; when they’re filled, many qualified residents are left out; in addition, other qualifying procedures exist but are unstated; ultimately DCO officials have total discretion in awarding or denying permits and can be pretty arbitrary about it; “seam zone” residents provide an example of what all Palestinians endure; to get a permit to their own home area, they must prove they reside there from their ID card address on the day the declaration of closed military area was made or in some other way show their center of life is there; those getting one are allowed entry via one checkpoint only; Quotas existem em todos os casos, quando estão cheios, muitos residentes são deixadas de fora qualificada; além disso, outras existem, mas são qualificadas procedimentos unstated; última instância DCO funcionários têm total poder discricionário na atribuição ou negar licenças e pode ser bonito arbitrária sobre ele; " costura zona "residentes fornecer um exemplo do que suportar todos os palestinianos, para obter uma licença para a sua própria casa área, terão de provar que residem lá do seu bilhete de identidade de endereço a partir da data da declaração de zona militar fechada foi feito, ou de alguma outra forma mostrar o seu centro de vida está lá; aqueles que estão autorizados obtendo uma entrada checkpoint apenas uma via;

(2) So-called “fabric of life” roads for Palestinians only; the West Bank’s main roads are only for Jews; initially, those for Palestinians passed through villages and city centers, but because of criticism an alternate plan was developed - creating a separate, contiguous road network running north-south in the West Bank; it’s based on separate levels in places where Israeli and Palestinian roads meet; bridges and interchanges achieve separation with Israelis able to travel on top at high speed; lower level “fabric of life” roads comprising 20% of the West Bank’s total are for Palestinians; elements of the plan have been implemented and “fabric of life” roads are being built; they represent another part of Israel’s repressive apartheid scheme. (2) Os chamados "tecido da vida" para os palestinos apenas estradas; as principais estradas da Cisjordânia são apenas para os judeus, inicialmente, para os palestinos passaram por aldeias e centros da cidade, mas devido às críticas foi desenvolvido um plano alternativo -- a criação de uma separada, contígua rede rodoviária correr norte-sul na Cisjordânia, que é baseada em níveis distintos em locais onde israelitas e palestinianos estradas satisfazer; pontes e transporta alcançar a separação israelenses possam viajar em cima em alta velocidade, nível mais baixo "Tecido da vida" estradas composta por 20% do total da Cisjordânia são para os palestinos; elementos do plano ter sido implementada e "tecido da vida" estradas estão a ser construído; eles representam uma outra parte de Israel da repressivo regime de apartheid.

Splitting the West Bank O desdobramento da Cisjordânia

Article 13 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: O artigo 13 º do 1948 Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos afirma:

(1) “Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (1) "Toda a pessoa tem o direito de livre circulação e residência dentro das fronteiras de cada Estado.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.” (2) Toda a pessoa tem o direito de deixar qualquer país, incluindo o seu, eo direito de regressar ao seu país. "

Israel is a serial international law and human rights abuser. Israel é um serial do direito internacional e dos direitos humanos agressor. For Palestinians, it believes allowing free movement is a privilege, denying it is the norm, and actions no matter how outlandish require no explanation or justification. Para os palestinos, ele acredita que permita livre circulação é um privilégio, negando-se a norma, e acções não importa como incongruentes não requerem nenhuma explicação ou justificação.

Israel divided the West Bank into three control areas - A, B and C. For purposes of restricting movement, it further split the Territory into six geographical units: Israel divide a Cisjordânia em três áreas controle - A, B, e C. Para fins de restrição de circulação, é mais do Território dividido em seis unidades geográficas:

– North that includes the Jenin, Tulkarm, Tubas and Nablus districts, except for those in the Jordan Valley and Separation Wall enclaves; about 840,000 Palestinians lived in this area as of summer 2007; today the number is somewhat higher; -- Que inclui o Norte Jenin, Tulkarm, Tubas Nablus e distritos, à excepção dos que no vale do Jordão e Separação Wall enclaves; cerca de 840000 palestinianos viveram nesta área, assim como de Verão de 2007; hoje o número é um pouco superior;

– Central that includes the Salfit, Ramallah, and Jericho districts, except for parts in the Separation Wall enclaves; in summer 2007, the Palestinian population exceeded 400,000; -- Central que inclui os Salfit, Ramallah, Jericó e distritos, à excepção das peças em enclaves muro de separação; no Verão de 2007, a população palestiniana excedido 400000;

– South that includes the Hebron and Bethlehem districts, except for the northern Dead Sea and Separation Wall enclaves; Palestinians here number over 700,000; -- Do Sul, que inclui a Belém e Hebron distritos, à excepção do Norte do Mar Morto e Separação Wall enclaves; palestinianos aqui ao longo do número 700000;

– the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea that includes the eastern strip of the West Bank, except for Jericho and nearby refugee camps; the Palestinian population is around 10,000; -- Vale do Jordão e do norte do Mar Morto que inclui a faixa leste da Cisjordânia, com excepção de Jericó e nas proximidades refugiados; população da Palestina é de cerca de 10000;

– the Separation Wall-created “seam zone” and inside the West Bank “internal” enclaves; when the Wall is completed, the “seam zone” Palestinian population will number about 30,000; an additional 25,000 will be in “internal” enclaves; the “seam zone” also contains thousands of Palestinian farmland dunams (a dunam equals about one fourth of an acre) and 39 settlements; unlike the other geographical units, the enclaves are dozens of non-contiguous sections that are separated from the rest of the West Bank; and -- A separação Wall-criado "costura zona" e dentro da Cisjordânia "interno" enclaves; quando o muro é concluída, a "costura zona" população palestiniana terá cerca de número 30000, 25000 será um adicional em "interno" enclaves; o "Costura zona" também contém milhares de palestinianos terras agrícolas dunams (dunam equivale a cerca de um quarto de um acre) e 39 assentamentos, ao contrário das outras unidades geográficas, os enclaves são dezenas de não-contíguas seções que são separados do resto do Ocidente Banco; e

– East Jerusalem that includes all the area Israel annexed in 1967 and is attached to the Jerusalem Municipality, except for the Shu’afat refugee camp and Kfar Aqeb that the Wall separates from the city; around 200,000 Palestinians live in this section. -- Jerusalém Oriental, que inclui toda a zona anexada Israel em 1967 e está associado ao Município Jerusalém, exceto para o campo de refugiados Shu'afat e Kfar Aqeb ao muro que separa a partir da cidade, cerca de 200000 palestinianos vivem nesta seção.

All geographical units are constricted by Israel’s rigid control system explained above. Todas as unidades geográficas são constricted por Israel's rígido sistema de controle explicado acima. Below are the checkpoints that control movement from one section to another: Abaixo estão os que controlam o movimento verificação de uma seção para outra:

– Za’tara (Tupuah) Checkpoint controls North to Central sections movement; in addition, the IDF directs to this checkpoint all west and east traffic along the Trans-Samaria highway and from Route 60 from Nablus in the north and Ramallah in the southwest and south; Palestinians may generally pass freely heading north; those traveling south encounter ID and sometimes vehicle checks; delays are common; males aged 16 - 35 often aren’t allowed to go south. -- Za'tara (Tupuah) Checkpoint Norte controla a Central de seções circulação; além disso, o IDF dirige a esta checkpoint todos oeste e leste de tráfego ao longo da rodovia Trans-Samaria e da Rota 60 de Nablus, no norte e no sudoeste e de Ramallah Sul; palestinos maio geralmente passam livremente posição norte; aqueles viajando sul encontro ID veículo e, por vezes, controlos; atrasos são comuns; sexo masculino com 16 anos - 35 muitas vezes não estão autorizados a ir sul.

– Container Checkpoint almost totally controls movement between the South and Central sections; Border Police staff it round the clock; from 2002 to February 2007, passenger cars were prohibited without a special permit; it’s now cancelled; since September 2000, Palestinians have been prohibited from using Route 398 that runs from the checkpoint to the Ma’ale Adumim and Qedar settlements; Palestinians are diverted to other worn roads of nearby villages; Palestinian traffic passing through the checkpoint are subjected to lengthy delays and at times searches; when Israel declares a comprehensive closure, it applies to this checkpoint; it severs the southern West Bank from the rest of the Territory and requires Palestinians traveling to or from the South to do it by foot. -- Container Checkpoint quase totalmente controla circulação entre as seções do Sul e Central; Border Polícia pessoal que ronda o relógio; de 2002 a fevereiro de 2007, os automóveis de passageiros foram proibidos sem uma autorização especial, é agora anulada, desde setembro de 2000, foram palestinianos proibida a utilização de Route 398 que vai da fronteira com a Ma'ale Adumim e Qedar assentamentos; palestinianos são desviados para outras aldeias próximas das estradas danificadas; palestiniano tráfego que atravessam a fronteira sejam submetidas a morosidade e, por vezes, pesquisas, quando Israel declara um fechamento completo, ela se aplica a este checkpoint; que severs do sul da Cisjordânia do resto do Território e exige palestinos de viajar para ou a partir do Sul, para fazê-la a pé.

– Tayasir, Hamra, Gittit and Yitav checkpoints control movement to and from the Jordan Valley. -- Tayasir, Hamra, Gittit e Yitav fiscalização e controle de circulação de vale do Jordão. In May 2005, Israel instituted sweeping Palestinian movement prohibitions here, except for residents with ID cards and persons with special permits. Em maio de 2005, Israel instituiu movimento radical palestiniano proibições aqui, exceto para os residentes em cartões de identificação e de pessoas com autorizações especiais. They were cancelled in April 2007, it affects only pedestrians and those using public transportation (that also requires a permit), and applies only to the Tayasir and Hamra crossings. Eles foram cancelados em abril de 2007, que afecta apenas os peões e os que utilizam os transportes públicos (que também requer uma licença), e aplica-se somente ao Tayasir Hamra e travessias.

– Almog Checkpoint that controls movement to and from the northern Dead Sea; generally only Palestinians with work permits for nearby settlements and/or to enter Israel may pass; since May 2007, the latter category was cancelled. -- Almog Checkpoint que controla a circulação de e para o norte do Mar Morto; geralmente só palestinianos com autorizações de trabalho para localidades vizinhas e / ou para entrar Israel pode passar, desde maio de 2007, esta última categoria foi cancelado.

– the Separation Wall directs movement between the “seam zone” enclaves and the rest of the West Bank to several gates in the Wall; only Palestinians with special entry permits may pass; 38 gates are in place; only six operate daily from 12 to 24 hours continuously; 17 others open two or three times a day for 30 minutes to two hours; 13 additional ones operate during farming season; two other gates allow movement of residents of a few houses that are enclosed by the Wall and separated from their village; still other crossings are for Israeli travel between the West Bank and Israel; they operate round the clock. -- Wall dirige a separação entre o movimento "costura zona" enclaves e do resto da Cisjordânia a várias portas no muro; palestinianos só permite a entrada especial maio passe; 38 portões estão em vigor; apenas seis funcionam diariamente das 12 às 24 horas continuamente; 17 outras pessoas em aberto duas ou três vezes por dia, durante 30 minutos a duas horas; 13 operar durante as suplementares agricultura época; outros dois portões permitem movimentos de moradores de um pequeno número de casas que estão fechados com o muro e separadas de suas aldeias; ainda outras passagens são para viagens entre israelitas da Cisjordânia e Israel; eles funcionam rodada do relógio.

– the Separation Wall also directs movement between East Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank; this section is called the “Jerusalem envelope” and has 12 checkpoints; crossing (permitted only through four of them) requires a valid ID and permit and submitting to stringent checks; they include exiting vehicles, having them searched, and passing through a revolving gate equipped with a metal detector; the remaining eight checkpoints are for settlers, Israeli residents and East Jerusalem Palestinians with Israeli IDs. -- Separação Wall também dirige o movimento entre Jerusalém Oriental e do resto da Cisjordânia; esta secção é a chamada "Jerusalém envelope" e tem 12 controlo; cruzamento (permitidas somente através de quatro deles) requer um ID válido e de autorização e de submeter a rigorosos controlos, que incluem sair veículos, tendo-lhes pesquisados, e passar por uma porta giratória equipada com um detector de metais, enquanto os restantes oito são para a verificação colonos israelitas, palestinianos residentes em Jerusalém Oriental e israelitas IDs.

In addition to area to area restrictions, Israel tightens them further with others within areas by breaking them into sub-areas and controlling movement between them. Para além de área para área restrições, Israel aperta-los ainda mais com os outros dentro de áreas por quebra-los em sub-regiões e controlar circulação entre eles. Nablus in the North is separated from nearby villages and from other northern West Bank districts. Nablus, no norte está separada de aldeias próximas e de outros distritos do norte da Cisjordânia.

The Nablus area includes the city, three refugee camps and 15 villages that contain over 200,000 Palestinians combined. O Nablus área inclui a cidade, três refugiados e de 15 aldeias que contenham mais de 200000 palestinianos combinado. It’s been under siege for seven years; entry and exit is through four surrounding checkpoints; passage through them entails stringent personal and vehicle checks, including for all merchandise in both directions; and special permits are required for passenger vehicle entry. Tem sido sob cerco de sete anos; entrada e de saída é através de quatro em torno controlo; passagem através deles implica rigorosos controlos de veículo e pessoal, incluindo para todas as mercadorias em ambos os sentidos, e são necessárias autorizações especiais para a entrada de passageiros veículo.

Collective Nablus movement prohibitions are harsh and unique in the Territory. Coletivo Nablus movimento proibições são duras e único no Território. Males between 16 and 35 are especially affected, but they overall disrupt life for everyone. Do sexo masculino entre 16 e 35 são particularmente afectados, mas eles perturbam global de vida para todos. The restricted male population alone affects 26,000 persons. A população masculina restrito sozinho afeta 26000 pessoas. If the age is lowered to 15, it rises to 36,000, and if females are included (as sometimes happens) it totals 73,000. Se a idade é reduzido para 15, ele sobe para 36000 e, se for do sexo feminino são incluídos (como por vezes acontece) que totaliza 73000. This group is the area’s main work force, its entire economic life depends on them, and prohibiting their movement brings it to a halt. Este grupo é a área principal da obra, toda a sua vida económica depende de si mesmas, e proibir a sua circulação traz-lo a um impasse.

When it’s in force, siege conditions vary by checkpoint for those allowed through. Quando está em vigor, as condições variam de acordo com o cerco para aqueles autorizada através checkpoint. The two main Beit Iba and Huwara ones inflict the longest and most burdensome delays and restrictions. Os dois principais Beit Iba e Huwara queridos infligir a mais longa e onerosa atrasos e restrições. In addition, all persons having a “risk profile” because of age are forbidden to leave the area and need a “movement permit in area under encirclement” if they want to exit. Além disso, todas as pessoas que têm um "perfil risco" por causa da idade estão proibidos de deixar o espaço e necessidade de um "movimento autorização, em área sob cerco" se querem sair. However, it’s not easy getting one with a convoluted system in place that requires a party permitted to cross to apply for persons who aren’t and even they can’t do it easily. No entanto, não é fácil obter um sistema com um convolutos no local que necessita de um partido autorizados a atravessar a candidatar-se a pessoas que não são, e mesmo estes não podem fazê-lo facilmente. In addition, permits aren’t issued for “ordinary” needs, such as work, family visits or school. Além disso, não são emitidas licenças para "ordinário" necessidades, tais como trabalho, família ou de visitas escolares. Those considered are only for “humanitarian” reasons like needed medical care. Esses são considerados apenas para "humanitária" motivos como os cuidados médicos necessários. Few overall are issued. Poucos são emitidos global.

The Nablus siege also restricts movement in the Jenin Tulkarm and Tubas districts. O cerco Nablus também restringe a circulação em Tulkarm e Jenin Tubas distritos. Nablus is vital for them and for years was the West Bank’s economic and industrial center. Nablus é vital para eles, e durante anos foi a Cisjordânia do centro económico e industrial. Now these districts are separated, and major roads between them are blocked. Agora, estes bairros são separados, e as principais estradas entre elas estão bloqueadas. In the past, traveling from Jenin to Nablus took about 40 minutes on the main road. No passado, viajando de Nablus a Jenin teve cerca de 40 minutos na estrada principal. It now takes one to three hours on narrow, winding roads plus a long wait at one of the Nablus area checkpoints. Ele tem agora uma a três horas por estreitas, estradas sinuosas, acrescidos de uma longa espera em uma área de Nablus os locais de controlo.

Over the past two years especially, accessing Nablus has been hard and complicated for villagers located to its north. Nos últimos dois anos em especial, acessando Nablus, foi duro e complicado para a sua aldeia situada norte. Checkpoint access is limited, some are closed to traffic, and those that operate have delays running up to hours. Checkpoint acesso é limitado, alguns são fechados ao tráfego, e aqueles que operam têm atrasos de até correr horas. In addition, soldiers at times block road traffic for several hours, no advance notice is given, and it causes undue hardship for travelers having to wait or use alternate routes. Além disso, soldados, por vezes, bloquear a circulação rodoviária durante várias horas, sem pré-aviso é dado, e que provoca excessivos para os viajantes ter de esperar ou uso alternativo rotas. The IDF is also at times punitive. A FIL, por vezes, também é punitiva. It sets up indiscriminate flying checkpoints, uses them for punishment, and makes it harsher with instances of violence and confiscation of permits and identity cards that can only be redeemed at a permanent checkpoint that may or may not be operating. Estabelece indiscriminada voar verificação, usa-los para o castigo, e torna mais duras em casos de violência e perda de autorizações de residência e documentos de identidade que só pode ser resgatado a um controlo permanente que pode ou não estar em funcionamento.

The Central Section splitting caused much the same type hardships. A Secção Central de dividir o mesmo tipo causado muito sofrimento. It created two principal sub-areas around Salfit and Ramallah. Ele criou duas principais sub-áreas em torno de Salfit e Ramallah. It detached some of these cities’ villages and separated them from their residents’ farmland. É destacada algumas dessas cidades "aldeias e separou-los de seus moradores dos terrenos agrícolas.

After the IDF blocked Salfit’s main entrance road from the north, alternate routes became necessary, and they lengthened travel times considerably. Depois da FIL bloqueado Salfit da entrada principal estrada do norte do país, itinerários alternativos se tornou necessária, e se prolongou viagem vezes consideravelmente. It created great hardship for travelers who rely on Nablus for basic services and also for villagers who are blocked from their farmland. Ele criou grandes dificuldades para os viajantes que dependem de Nablus para os serviços básicos e também para os aldeões que estão bloqueadas a partir de suas terras de cultivo. Sixty-six thousand people are affected. Sessenta e seis mil pessoas estão afectadas.

It’s even worse for the 300,000 Ramallah district residents in a city that’s the West Bank’s seat of government because Israel denies East Jerusalem that status. É muito pior para a Ramallah 300000 residentes em um bairro da cidade que a Cisjordânia é sede do governo, porque Israel nega que o estatuto de Jerusalém Oriental. In addition, after undo restrictions and hardships caused many Palestinian entrepreneurs to leave Nablus and the northern West Bank, Ramallah developed into the Territory’s cultural and economic center. Além disso, depois de anular as restrições e causou muitas dificuldades para sair palestiniano empresários Nablus e do norte da Cisjordânia, desenvolvido em Ramallah do Território do centro cultural e económico. Obstructions, checkpoints and the Separation Wall demarcate the area and combined make movement just as hard as throughout the rest of the West Bank. Obstruções, controlo e da separação Wall demarcar a área e fazer movimentos combinados tão duro como ao longo de todo o resto da Cisjordânia.

It’s the same for Jericho’s 40,000 residents. É a mesma para Jericó's 40.000 habitantes. In addition, for 10,000 of them in the north in the besieged Jordan Valley, they’re separated from the city, and for those in the east there’s another obstacle - 19 km of trenches and land east of it that’sa closed military area. Além disso, para 10000 deles, no norte, no Vale do cerco Jordânia, eles estão separados da cidade, como para aqueles que no leste há outro obstáculo - 19 km de trincheiras e leste da terra-that'sa militar fechada área.

The South section’s splitting has been less conspicuous, but it hasn’t made movement easier. A secção da cisão do Sul tem sido menos visíveis, mas ele não tenha feito circulação mais fácil. Most notably since September 2000, have been restrictions in Route 60’s southern section that runs the entire length of the southern West Bank and is this subsection’s principal roadway. Mais notavelmente desde setembro de 2000, tenham sido restrições em Route 60 meridionais da secção que executa todo o comprimento do sul da Cisjordânia e está presente subsecção principal da pista. Access roads to the Route are now blocked, over time some have been eased, but use of the road remains limited. As estradas de acesso a Rota estão agora a bloqueada, ao longo do tempo alguns foram atenuadas, mas a utilização da estrada continua a ser limitado.

Most harmed are residents in towns and villages in Hebron’s southern area. A maioria dos lesados são residentes em cidades e aldeias da zona sul de Hebron. To reach the city, they must use long, winding, beat-up roads that are no substitute for decent ones. Para chegar à cidade, eles devem usar longo e sinuoso, bater-se-estradas que não são substitutos de decente. Once the Separation Wall is completed east of the Efrat and Gush Atzion settlements, Route 60’s northern quarter in the South section will be on the Wall’s Israeli side and completely off-limits to Palestinians. Uma vez concluída a separação Wall está a leste do Efrat e Gush Atzion assentamentos, Route 60's Norte a Sul, em quarto ponto será sobre o muro do lado israelita e completamente fora de limites aos palestinianos. As a result, Bethlehem will be separated from Jerusalem as well as the main road to Hebron with all the hardships that will create. Como resultado, Belém vai ser separada de Jerusalém, bem como a estrada principal para Hebron com todas as dificuldades que irá criar.

Consider how they affect Hebron. Pense em como eles afetam Hebron. It’s the only Palestinian West Bank city (other than East Jerusalem that Israel annexed in 1967) with an Israeli settlement in its center. É a única cidade da Cisjordânia palestiniano (com excepção de Jerusalém Oriental, que Israel anexa em 1967) com um assentamento israelense, no seu centro. Because of it, the IDF created a contiguous strip of land through the city over which Palestinian vehicles are prohibited. Devido a isso, o IDF criada uma faixa de terreno contíguo através da cidade ao longo do qual são proibidos os veículos palestinos. It runs from the Kiryat Arba settlement in the east to the Palestinian Tel Rumeida neighborhood in the west, and in many sections along its center, Palestinian pedestrians are banned. Corre-se a partir da Kiryat Arba liquidação, a leste de Tel Rumeida bairro da Palestina, a oeste, e em muitos pontos ao longo da sua center, Palestiniana peões são proibidas. The main Shuhada Street is most affected. O principal Shuhada Street é o mais afectado. In addition, the strip blocks Hebron’s main north-south artery harming the entire Palestinian population. Além disso, os blocos Hebron faixa norte-sul da principal artéria prejudicando toda a população palestiniana.

Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea restrictions involve the use of Route 90 that runs the entire length of the section. Jordânia e do norte do Vale do Mar Morto restrições implicam a utilização de Route 90 que executa todo o comprimento da seção. Israel operates five checkpoints here for control. Israel opera cinco verificação aqui para controle. Only public transportation and vehicles with special permits may pass. Apenas veículos de transporte público e de autorizações especiais maio passar. That frees the Route for settlers and Israelis traveling between Jerusalem and the Beit She’an Valley, the Sea of Galilee, or the Galilee area in the north. Que liberta a rota para viajar entre israelenses e colonos Jerusalém e do Vale do Beit She'an, o Mar da Galiléia, ou a área Galiléia, no norte. It also allows the IDF to use large Jordan Valley sections as fire-exercise zones and close off much of their water and grazing areas to Palestinians. Também permite a utilização da FIL grande Jordânia Vale seções como fogo de exercício e de zonas muito próximas ao largo das suas zonas de água e de pasto palestinianos.

Dozens of non-contiguous “seam-zone” enclaves are also affected. Dezenas de não contíguas "costura da zona" enclaves são igualmente afetados. The Separation Wall separates them by winding back and forth between the Green Line and deep into the West Bank. A separação muro separa-los a dissolução idas e vindas entre a Linha Verde e profunda na Cisjordânia. They all contain Palestinian farmland on the barrier’s Israeli side. Elas contêm todas as terras agrícolas palestinos sobre a barragem do lado israelita. Some also include villages where 30,000 Palestinians live. Alguns incluem também a aldeias onde vivem 30000 palestinianos. Because they aren’t connected, crossing from one subsection to another at best is hard and at worst impossible. Porque eles não estão conectados, passagem de uma subseção para o outro, na melhor das hipóteses é dura e, na pior impossível. It forces travelers to cross the Wall twice with all the hardships that entails. É forças viajantes para atravessar o muro por duas vezes com todas as dificuldades que isso implica. Further, since permits are for one enclave only, entering another one requires a second permit. Além disso, uma vez que permite são apenas para um enclave, entrando em um outro exige uma segunda licença.

The Separation Wall then can be divided into five sections plus the Jerusalem area, and each one contains separate enclaves. A separação Wall então pode ser dividido em cinco seções plus área de Jerusalém, e cada um contém enclaves separados. Combined they form a crazy quilt isolation pattern with physical obstacles and human repression used against a defenseless civilian population. Combinado eles formam um louco quilt isolamento padrão com obstáculos físicos e humanos utilizados repressão contra a população civil uma defesa.

Internal community and farmland enclaves are affected as well but not by having to pass through the Wall or obtain permits. Comunidade interna e de terrenos agrícolas enclaves são afectados bem como, mas não por ter de atravessar a parede ou de obter autorizações. However, roads that used to connect them have been closed making travel times longer and more complicated. No entanto, nas estradas, que é utilizado para conectar-lhes tenham sido fechadas tornando tempos de viagem mais longa e mais complicada. When completed, the Wall’s route will create 13 non-contiguous internal enclaves for about 240,000 Palestinians in dozens of towns and villages. Quando concluído, o muro da rota irá criar 13 não contíguas interno enclaves por cerca de 240000 palestinianos em dezenas de cidades e aldeias.

East Jerusalem is the final section. Jerusalém Oriental é o ponto final. Israeli Arabs with identity cards may move about fairly freely with one notable exception. Árabes israelitas com cartões de identidade podem circular livremente com bastante sobre uma notável exceção. It’s the use of temporary checkpoints (so-called “collection” ones) to collect resident tax debts. It's a utilização temporária de controlo (a chamada "cobrança" queridos) para recolher residente dívidas fiscais. They operate a few hours at a time on main neighborhood roads where Israeli Police (usually Border Police) provide security along with tax officials to do the collecting. Eles funcionam algumas horas em um momento em estradas principais bairro onde israelita de Polícia (normalmente Polícia Fronteiriça) proporcionar segurança, juntamente com funcionários fiscais para fazer a coleta. Police stop cars, collectors do the rest, but never to Jerusalem’s Jewish residents. Polícia parar carros, colecionadores fazer o resto, mas nunca a Jerusalém judia's residentes.

Harm to Palestinians’ Fabric of Life Prejudicar a palestinos "Tecido da Vida

West Bank separation and division inflicts great harm to Palestinians’ fabric of life in the short and longer term. Cisjordânia divisão e separação inflige grandes danos aos palestinos "tecido da vida, a curto e longo prazo. This section examines how. Esta seção examina como.

First consider health as a fundamental human right and how restricting movement affects it. Em primeiro lugar considerar a saúde como um direito humano fundamental e como ela afecta restringindo circulação. Ill persons needing treatment are greatly impeded reaching medical centers. Mal as pessoas que necessitam do tratamento são fortemente entravada atingindo centros médicos. The quality and availability of service is hampered as well by delaying or restricting physicians and staff. A qualidade e disponibilidade do serviço e também é dificultado por atrasar ou restringindo médicos e de pessoal. First aid crews also aren’t able to reach the sick and injured quickly. Even when situations aren’t life threatening, movement restrictions increase morbidity chances and may shorten a life span.

Overall, West Bank Palestinians have limited or no access to medical care, and residents of villages and outlying areas are most gravely affected. Then consider so-called “risk profile” people being denied passage through checkpoints. Another example is persons needing a permit for access to Jerusalem hospital treatment. To get one, patients must provide medical documents testifying to their illness and confirming their appointment at a specific hospital.

The situation is especially problematic for pregnant women when their time to deliver approaches and their hospital is in Jerusalem. Permits are valid only for one or two days, as it is for all ill persons, but the moment when it’s needed is uncertain. They must thus be continually renewed, and there are times when it’s impossible. It thus forces mothers to give birth at checkpoints because they’re denied passage through them.

In 1996, the Physicians for Human Rights petitioned the State Attorney’s office for relief and nominally got it - to allow passage through checkpoints without permits in cases of medical emergency so ill persons can be treated. All checkpoint locations are supposed to comply, but it turns out they don’t. Soldiers don’t treat Palestinians kindly, are unresponsive to their needs, and are untrained medically to recognize emergencies.

Patients encounter other obstacles as well. Their travel is slowed by having to use long, winding and worn roads; they’re sometimes blocked causing long delays; they have no access to ambulances or other transportation; must pass through checkpoints when they do or by foot; be up against closed ones; be forced to wait at open ones; and undergo searches.

These problems make people more dependent on first aid that can’t cope in emergency cases where special expertise is required. At times, long distances are involved, and when need is greatest, it means lives are endangered. This is what Palestinians endure daily.

Movement restrictions also affect hospitals, especially East Jerusalem ones that are considered the OPT’s best because they provide services unavailable elsewhere in the Territories. East Jerusalem’s separation from the rest of the West Bank and needing a permit to enter is the problem. It affects staff and patients with the situation at al-Makassed Hospital typical. Twelve of its workers live outside the city and are classified “prevented entry.” They have no permits. Even workers with them face long checkpoint delays or their closure when Israel wishes.

Restricting free movement also impacts health care professionals from developing their skills through in-service training. Students as well are affected, are unable to complete their studies or receive a lower professional training degree. It places Palestinians needing medical care in a hopeless situation. They’re unable to move freely or receive expert care if they can.

B’Tselem’s report is on the West Bank. Gaza is another matter, and since Israel’s June 2007 siege, 130 in the Territory have died because they couldn’t be treated. Their deaths are in addition to the hundreds of others from near daily incursions that continue without letup.

Movement restrictions also greatly affect the OPT’s economy and trade. Post-September 2000, it’s been in deep depression. GDP has declined around 40%, unemployment stands at about 80%, and the poverty level is punishing. It’s how Israel and Washington planned it to bring the Territories to their knees and demand surrender as the price for relief.

At present, look how working conditions and transport of goods are affected. Palestinians could once travel freely outside their communities to jobs. No longer, and many lost out and have no means of employment. Employers as well are affected. They lost workers, had to scale back their operations or shut them down entirely.

The same hardships apply to transporting goods. They can no longer move freely, permits are required, they’re hard to get, travel times are longer even with them, at much greater cost, and an example is trade between Nablus and Ramallah. The cost is fourfold what it was in 2002, the result is greatly reduced trade, it’s forced merchants to concentrate more on their own communities and those nearby, and the result is far less commerce overall that severely impacts everyone.

Here’s what’s involved to move goods between Nablus and East Jerusalem:

– permits are needed;

– a quota restricts the number;

– goods allowed to be transported endure the so-called “back-to-back” method; at point of shipment they’re loaded; then stopped at a checkpoint; unloaded; inspected by mechanical scanner, manually, and/or by dogs; they’re then reloaded on another truck for delivery;

– damage is frequent because of extra handling and Israelis aren’t too gentle about it;

– delays are the rule and they’re costly;

– transport requires passing through other checkpoints and repeating the whole procedure again that may be more or less stringent depending on the whims of inspectors;

– when the Separation Wall is completed, transport will be even harder and its cost greater.

Tourism is also affected. Between the Oslo Accords and September 2000, cities like Bethlehem were desired destinations. No longer because of difficulties getting there and how hard it is to move around. The result is privately owned tourist sites throughout the West Bank have closed or have greatly cut back. An example is the Barahameh family’s park in al-Badhan, a village 10 km north of Nablus. Getting there from Ramallah means passing through four permanent checkpoints plus whatever flying ones are up for the day. The result is wasted hours to spend a day at the park, and most tourists won’t do it.

Small businesses like stores, souvenir shops and restaurants are also impacted. Many close down or operate at a fraction of their former levels. A World Bank West Bank report cites movement restrictions and their costs as two major obstacles affecting a healthy Palestinian economy.

They affect farming as well in areas like the Jordan Valley and “seam zone.” Agriculture is an important source of Palestinians’ income. Farmers need permits for it in these areas. Many are denied and their livelihoods destroyed or greatly impacted. Farm workers are also affected. They, too, need permits, but even having them means putting up with long travel times and exhausting days. Many workers won’t do it it so farmers lose a vital work force and the ability to grow their crops productively.

Farmer and merchant Husni Muhammad ‘Adb a-Rahman Sawafteh is an example of what others like him endure:

– he lives, works and farms in Tubas; he and his brothers have a house and 250 dunams of land in Bardala, a northern Jordan Valley village; they also have livestock;

– to reach Bardala, they must pass through Tayasir checkpoint; doing it involves “much difficulty;” it affects their workers as well;

– to sell their produce, they need to reach Bardala, but the hardship forces Sawafteh to manage things by phone; it’s inadequate because it’s vital to be current on prices and dealer payments that requires being in Bardala to do it;

– sometimes he can’t be for a month; the result is dealers send “payment on account” and pay less than the amount owed; their back due debts accumulate; being there is essential to handle things; when he can’t do it, he hasn’t enough money for materials to fertilize the land and grow crops;

– caring for the livestock is another problem; they need daily care; Sawafteh had to build a new Tubas farm to do it, but it was lacking; Tubas hasn’t enough grazing land so the flock can’t do it daily as they need to; he thus has to buy them food; it’s an additional expense he can’t afford;

– he and other farmers have an additional problem as well; they need permits for themselves but also for their tractors and farm vehicles; it forces most of them to go long distances on foot or donkeys;

– it also restricts what crops can be grown; restrictions forced farmers like Sawafteh to forgo higher revenue-generating ones like tomatoes and cucumbers and switch to less labor intensive ones like wheat;

– some farmers give up altogether and let their land lie fallow rather than risk economic failure or work under onerous conditions.

Family and social life are also affected. Palestinian community life is based on extended familial ties even though members don’t often live in the same towns and villages. Movement restrictions and inability to get permits prevent their ability to see each other, and it’s especially felt in the “seam zone,” Jordan Valley and Nablus under siege.

Ni’ma ‘Ali Salameh Abu Sahara from Nablus is a case in point:

– her daughter married and moved to the Jordan Valley;

– no one has been able to see her, not even during holidays, because “the army doesn’t let us cross the Hamra checkpoint;”

– she wasn’t able to visit her first grandson and only saw him two months after his birth when her daughter visited her;

– her daughter just had a second child by Caesarean section; Abu Sahara went to the checkpoint to get through to see her; soldiers refused to let her pass; she begged them; they still refused; Abu Sahara “went home and cried.”

This story and many others like it are commonplace, and it’s caused the splitting up of nuclear families. Students leave parents to be near school. Wage earners and tradesmen leave families to be close to work. The ill live in cities to be near essential medical care facilities. From the time they leave homes to whenever they try to return, they encounter problems. For most Palestinians, they’re painful to impossible.

Restrictions prevent routine family gatherings as well as special ones like weddings, funerals, and caring for the sick. Palestinians once could take vacations, and a favorite spot was the northern Dead Sea area with its 25 km of coastline. No longer. The ‘Ein Fascha nature reserves there (one of the most popular recreational sites) are now operated by Israel’s Nature Reserves and Parks Authority for Jews only.

Movement restrictions affect all facets of daily life, including basic services and law enforcement - urban infrastructure, social services, mail, governance, rescue operations, electricity and gas, water, and locally-based security. When breakdowns occur and repairs are needed or other vital services have to be performed, district government employees get no preferential treatment crossing checkpoints to handle them. The result is long delays fixing essential public services or dealing with problems like medical emergencies.

“Fabric of life” roads for Palestinians are also affected, including the way they were built. They’re on expropriated private land, inefficiently use public property, and take other Palestinian land for the Separation Wall. An example is a road Israel built between the village of Shufa (south of Tulkarm) and a-Ras, northeast of the Sal’it settlement. Israel took village lands for it - from Far’on, a-Ras and ‘Izbat Shufa. To connect the two district seats, Israel seized private land, destroyed olive and citrus orchards on them, asked no permission to do it, and paid no compensation for the losses.

Israel unilaterally chooses routes for new roads, Palestinians’ interests aren’t considered, and injuries and losses they incur get no redress. They’re also harmed in other ways. Roads often demarcate villages, they limit their ability to build and expand for their growing populations, their costs outweighs their benefits, the harm affects whole communities, and it’s long-term.

Restrictions on Free Movement from the Perspective of International Law

Besides Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international humanitarian law, the UN’s International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is very clear about free movement. Its Article 12 states:

1. “Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within the territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.

2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own.

3. The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order, public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Covenant.

4. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.”

Besides legitimate national security and military necessity, restricting free movement must meet another requirement - proportionality. Under Israeli administrative law as well, the state must prove the legitimate necessity of restrictions, that security can’t be achieved by less harmful means, and that the end result justifies the cost under international law. The UN Human Rights Committee states that the principle of proportionality requires that movement restrictions be incorporated in clear and justifiable legislation. Failure to do so violates international law under which Israel is accountable.

Israel claims justification for its occupation policies - that they’re vital to secure its West Bank settlers as well as Israelis traveling on the Territory’s roads. Clearly, the threat is real, but unasked is why. It’s because of Israel’s longstanding belligerency forcing Palestinians to respond in self-defense and at times take Israeli lives. There’s no secret how to stop it, but Israel abjures - stop attacking Palestinians so they stop fighting back. Long ago it was that way before Palestine became Israel. Arabs and Jews lived peacefully at a time the population imbalance heavily favored Palestinians and the great Jewish immigration wave hadn’t begun.

Today, it’s another matter, Israel manufactures its own security problem, then unjustifiably claims the right to react, and in the process, inflict great harm on a mostly-civilian population. Its actions are unrelated to security, are entirely political and stem from its annexation aims - to seize the West Bank’s most valued areas, remove the Palestinian population, and resettle them in isolated cantons unconnected to the others except by a crazy quilt patchwork of obstructive checkpoints, barriers, and hard to traverse road network.

Israel acts illegally on occupied lands, and its draconian restrictions follow as a result. They’re less for security and mainly to let settlers (on stolen land) move around freely. They’re heavily protected, isolated from their Arab neighbors, able to travel on for-Jews only roads, live in Jewish-only communities, and get all the conveniences of a modern state that denies them to non-Jews in a country claiming to be a model democracy.

All West Bank settlements are illegal under international law. So is the main road network forbidden to Palestinians that’s built on annexed land. Israel’s justifications are unfounded. Security is a non-starter. So is the claim that it’s to protect against terrorist attacks that are, in fact, self-defense measures in an unfair fight. Palestinians are matched against the world’s fourth most powerful military that flexes its muscles by attacking civilians and claims its occupation is just. International law says otherwise, but Israel ignores it.

It also acts disproportionately. It fails the test by all measures:

– there’s no rational connection between the harm restrictions cause and Israel’s declared security objective; independent security and human rights experts concur on this; their view is that there’sa converse relationship between restrictions imposed and security desired; the greater the former, the less of the latter;

– a second failure is the lack of an alternative that causes less harm to achieve a security goal; in some instances, Israel admitted it hasn’t used other methods that would have caused less harm; the Separation Wall is the clearest example of a measure causing great harm with little payback except for confiscated land; after that, the Wall is purely punitive and the Palestinian response justifiable anger;

– a third failure is the lack of a proper relationship between the harm caused and security benefit gained; whatever reasons Israel claims for its policy, it must still justify that it acted in proper proportion to the benefit achieved; sweeping and protracted West Bank restrictions clearly fail the test; they affect all aspects of Palestinians’ lives, infringe on their human rights and deny them the right to family life, health, education, work, and all else Israelis take for granted and get; and in cases of Nablus under siege, the effects are much worse on a locked-down population; there’s no justification for causing so much harm for whatever benefits Israel claims to be getting; they’re disproportionately way out of whack.

Israel also imposes its might without military legislation or written orders. For measures this far-reaching and causing so much harm, orders are merely passed down the chain of command verbally with lots of latitude on their implementation on the ground no matter how harsh. Such a system begs for abuse, and that’s exactly what happens repeatedly.

Without official restrictions in writing, it’s near impossible to monitor how the IDF administers them or judge what’s right or wrong. By its policy, Israel has, in fact, given the army unlimited latitude, made it unaccountable, and instituted a system guaranteed to punish and abuse.

Under international humanitarian law, it’sa system of strictly prohibited collective punishment. Article 50 of the Hague Regulations states: “No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be inflicted upon the population on account of the acts of individuals for which they cannot be regarded as jointly and severally responsible.”

Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention also states: “No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited.” The UN’s International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (quoted above) concurs. So do all independent human rights experts.

Israel claims it acts to deter, not collectively punish, but evidence on the ground proves otherwise. The vast majority of Palestinians affected are innocent civilians, they’re suspected of nothing, they’re made to endure great suffering, and Israel’s actions have been imposed continuously and repressively for over seven and a half years plus the punitive effects of 41 years under occupation.

These are actions of one ethnic group against another, thus constituting another international law violation. It’s prohibited by the 1966 (UN General Assembly-adopted) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination that Israel ratified in 1979. Article 1.1 defines racial discrimination as follows:

“Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.”

Article 5(d)(1) gives every person the right of free movement within the borders of the state without discrimination. Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits all measures that discriminate solely on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, or social origin. Israel violates all of the above. Its claims otherwise hold no water and are, in fact, convoluted. It denies legitimate citizens their legal rights on their own land, but provides preferential treatment for illegal settlers in stark breach of the law.

Conclusion

Israel’s repressive measures force West Bank Palestinians to live in a constant state of uncertainty, prevent them from making plans, deny them their basic rights, harm them when emergencies arise, and overall consign their lives to the will and whims to an illegal occupier.

Beyond the immediate harm that’s considerable, the West Bank’s geographical division causes severe long-term detriment to the entire Palestinian fabric of life - affecting their economic, political and social welfare. The result is an entire nation locked down, punished for being unwanted and in the way, and denied their right of self-determination and free movement on their own land.

Israel’s justification is fraudulent on its face, yet goes unchallenged by the world community as well as by neighboring Arab states. Shamefully and willfully, they turn a blind eye to a human calamity they won’t confront and denounce publicly as illegal and unacceptable.

B’Tselem has no such hesitancy. It ends its report by calling on Israel to:

– “immediately remove all the permanent and sweeping restrictions on movement inside the West Bank (including the Separation Wall ruled illegal by the International Court of Justice). In their place, Israel should” protect its citizens along the Green Line and inside the Jewish state according to the rule of law;

– “act immediately to evacuate all the settlements in the West Bank. Until this is done, Israel” has every right to protect its settlers security, but not to the detriment of the Palestinian people who are the lawful occupants of their own land; and

– “verify, before any temporary restriction….is approved (while settlements remain in place),” that it’s “needed for a legitimate security purpose and that the resultant harm to the Palestinian population will be proportionate,” according to international law. Restrictions in place “must be incorporated in a written order that specifies the nature of the restriction and the period of time it will remain in force.”

Until Israel takes these measures and begins ending its 41 year occupation, it will continue violating international law and remain in violation of dozens of UN resolutions condemning it for its actions, deploring it for committing them, and demanding they be ended. So far, Israel shows no signs of complying and continues acting with impunity, arrogance and defiance of the rule of law it disdains.

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