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 | Translate: 翻譯：               Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed喬姆斯基：反民主性質的美國資本主義正受到 Monday, October 13th, 2008 星期一，二零零八年10月13日 By Noam Chomsky由喬姆斯基 THE SIMULTANEOUS unfolding of the US presidential campaign and unraveling of the financial markets presents one of those occasions where the political and economic systems starkly reveal their nature.同時展開的美國總統競選和解體的金融市場之一，介紹這些情況下，政治和經濟制度赤裸裸地暴露其性質。 Passion about the campaign may not be universally shared but almost everybody can feel the anxiety from the foreclosure of a million homes, and concerns about jobs, savings and healthcare at risk.激情的運動可能不是普遍認同的，但幾乎每個人都可以感受到的焦慮從贖回的萬戶家庭，並關注就業，儲蓄和醫療風險。 The initial Bush proposals to deal with the crisis so reeked of totalitarianism that they were quickly modified.布什最初的建議，處理危機，使reeked的極權主義，他們迅速改變。 Under intense lobbyist pressure, they were reshaped as “a clear win for the largest institutions in the system .在激烈的遊說壓力，他們被重新塑造為“一個明確的勝利最大的機構體系。 . 。 . 。 a way of dumping assets without having to fail or close”, as described by James Rickards, who negotiated the federal bailout for the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management in 1998, reminding us that we are treading familiar turf.一種傾銷的資產，而不必失敗或接近“所描述的詹姆斯Rickards ，誰談判的聯邦緊急援助的對沖基金長期資本管理公司在1998年，提醒我們，我們熟悉的草坪踩。 The immediate origins of the current meltdown lie in the collapse of the housing bubble supervised by Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, which sustained the struggling economy through the Bush years by debt-based consumer spending along with borrowing from abroad.眼前的根源在於當前的危機中崩潰的房地產泡沫的監督，聯邦儲備委員會主席格林斯潘，這持續的經濟困境，布什通過幾年的債務為基礎的消費開支以及從國外借款。 But the roots are deeper.但是，更深的根源。 In part they lie in the triumph of financial liberalisation in the past 30 years - that is, freeing the markets as much as possible from government regulation.在謊言的一部分，他們中的勝利，金融自由化在過去30年中-也就是使市場盡可能由政府監管。 These steps predictably increased the frequency and depth of severe reversals, which now threaten to bring about the worst crisis since the Great Depression.這些步驟可預見增加的頻率和深度的嚴重倒退，現在威脅帶來的最嚴重的危機，因為大蕭條。 Also predictably, the narrow sectors that reaped enormous profits from liberalisation are calling for massive state intervention to rescue collapsing financial institutions.還可以預測，狹隘的部門，獲得巨額利潤，從貿易自由化，要求大規模的國家干預，以挽救崩潰的金融機構。 Such interventionism is a regular feature of state capitalism, though the scale today is unusual.這種干預是一種經常性的國家資本主義，但今天的規模是不尋常的。 A study by international economists Winfried Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder 15 years ago found that at least 20 companies in the Fortune 100 would not have survived if they had not been saved by their respective governments, and that many of the rest gained substantially by demanding that governments “socialise their losses,” as in today’s taxpayer-financed bailout.一項研究國際經濟學家溫Ruigrok和羅布麵包車Tulder 15年前發現，至少有20家企業在財富100強不會有倖存者，如果他們沒有被保存了各自的政府，以及許多其他獲得大幅度的要求政府的“社交他們的損失， ”在今天的納稅人資助的救助。 Such government intervention “has been the rule rather than the exception over the past two centuries”, they conclude.這種政府的干預“已規則，而不是例外在過去兩個世紀” ，他們總結道。 In a functioning democratic society, a political campaign would address such fundamental issues, looking into root causes and cures, and proposing the means by which people suffering the consequences can take effective control.在一個正常運作的民主社會，政治運動將解決這些基本問題，尋找到根源和解決辦法，並提出以何種方式人民的痛苦後果，採取切實有效的控制。 The financial market “underprices risk” and is “systematically inefficient”, as economists John Eatwell and Lance Taylor wrote a decade ago, warning of the extreme dangers of financial liberalisation and reviewing the substantial costs already incurred - and proposing solutions, which have been ignored.金融市場“ underprices風險”和“系統效率低下” ，因為經濟學家約翰Eatwell和Lance泰勒寫了10年前，預警的極端危險的金融自由化和審查的巨額費用已經發生-並提出解決方案，這已被忽略。 One factor is failure to calculate the costs to those who do not participate in transactions.其中一個因素是無法計算這些費用誰不參加交易。 These “externalities” can be huge.這些“外部因素”可以是巨大的。 Ignoring systemic risk leads to more risk-taking than would take place in an efficient economy, even by the narrowest measures.不顧系統性風險導致更多的冒險比將在一個有效率的經濟體系，甚至最窄的措施。 The task of financial institutions is to take risks and, if well-managed, to ensure that potential losses to themselves will be covered.這項任務的金融機構承擔風險，如果妥善管理，以確保潛在的損失，自己將被包括在內。 The emphasis is on “to themselves”.重點是“自己” 。 Under state capitalist rules, it is not their business to consider the cost to others - the “externalities” of decent survival - if their practices lead to financial crisis, as they regularly do.根據資本主義國家的規則，這不是他們的商業考慮他人的成本-的“外部因素”體面生存-如果他們的做法導致金融危機，因為他們經常這樣做。 Financial liberalisation has effects well beyond the economy.金融自由化的影響遠遠超出了經濟。 It has long been understood that it is a powerful weapon against democracy.長期以來，人們已經認識到，它是一個強大的武器來對付民主。 Free capital movement creates what some have called a “virtual parliament” of investors and lenders, who closely monitor government programmes and “vote” against them if they are considered irrational: for the benefit of people, rather than concentrated private power.資本自由流動創造了一些人所謂的“虛擬議會”的投資者和放款人，誰密切監察政府的方案和“投票”對他們如果他們被認為是不合理的：造福人民，而不是私人權力集中。 Investors and lenders can “vote” by capital flight, attacks on currencies and other devices offered by financial liberalisation.投資者和貸款人可以“投票”的資本外逃，貨幣的攻擊和其他裝置所提供的金融自由化。 That is one reason why the Bretton Woods system established by the United States and Britain after the second World War instituted capital controls and regulated currencies.*這是原因之一布雷頓森林體系確立的美國和英國在第二次世界大戰後建立的資本管制和規範貨幣.* The Great Depression and the war had aroused powerful radical democratic currents, ranging from the anti-fascist resistance to working class organisation.大蕭條和戰爭引起了激進的民主的強大電流，範圍從反法西斯抵抗組織工人階級。 These pressures made it necessary to permit social democratic policies.這些壓力，有必要讓社會民主政策。 The Bretton Woods system was designed in part to create a space for government action responding to public will - for some measure of democracy.布雷頓森林體系的目的是部分創造一個空間，政府的行動回應市民-為某種程度的民主。 John Maynard Keynes, the British negotiator, considered the most important achievement of Bretton Woods to be the establishment of the right of governments to restrict capital movement.約翰梅納德凱恩斯，英國談判代表，被認為是最重要的成就布雷頓森林要建立政府有權限制資本流動。 In dramatic contrast, in the neoliberal phase after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s, the US treasury now regards free capital mobility as a “fundamental right”, unlike such alleged “rights” as those guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: health, education, decent employment, security and other rights that the Reagan and Bush administrations have dismissed as “letters to Santa Claus”, “preposterous”, mere “myths”.在戲劇性的相反，在新自由主義階段的崩潰後，布雷頓森林體系在70年代，美國財政部現在關於資本自由流動的“基本權利” ，與這種所謂的“人權”這些保障世界人權宣言權利：健康，教育，體面的就業，安全和其他權利，裡根和布什政府都被視為“寫信給聖誕老人” ， “荒謬的” ，僅僅是“神話” 。 In earlier years, the public had not been much of a problem.前幾年，市民沒有太大的問題。 The reasons are reviewed by Barry Eichengreen in his standard scholarly history of the international monetary system.原因是審查肯格林巴里在他的學術標準歷史上的國際貨幣體系。 He explains that in the 19th century, governments had not yet been “politicised by universal male suffrage and the rise of trade unionism and parliamentary labour parties”.他解釋說，在19世紀，各國政府尚未“政治化的普遍男性普選的崛起工會和議會勞工黨” 。 Therefore, the severe costs imposed by the virtual parliament could be transferred to the general population.因此，實行嚴厲的費用由虛擬議會可轉移到一般民眾。 But with the radicalisation of the general public during the Great Depression and the anti-fascist war, that luxury was no longer available to private power and wealth.但是，隨著激進廣大市民在經濟大蕭條期間的反法西斯戰爭，是奢侈品不再是提供給私人權力和財富。 Hence in the Bretton Woods system, “limits on capital mobility substituted for limits on democracy as a source of insulation from market pressures”.因此，在布雷頓森林體系“ ，限制資本流動的限制取代民主的一個來源隔熱市場的壓力。 ” The obvious corollary is that after the dismantling of the postwar system, democracy is restricted.最明顯的推論是，拆除後的戰後體制，民主受到限制。 It has therefore become necessary to control and marginalise the public in some fashion, processes particularly evident in the more business-run societies like the United States.因此，它成為必要的控制和marginalise公眾的某種方式，程序尤為明顯更商業運行的社會像美國。 The management of electoral extravaganzas by the public relations industry is one illustration.管理選舉extravaganzas的公共關係行業是一個例證。 “Politics is the shadow cast on society by big business,” concluded America’s leading 20th century social philosopher John Dewey, and will remain so as long as power resides in “business for private profit through private control of banking, land, industry, reinforced by command of the press, press agents and other means of publicity and propaganda”. “政治是陰影對社會的大生意” ，結束美國領先20世紀的社會哲學家杜威，並且將繼續這樣做，只要權力居住在“業務的私人利潤通過私人控制的銀行，土地，工業，加強了指揮的新聞，新聞人員和其他宣傳途徑和宣傳“ 。 The United States effectively has a one-party system, the business party, with two factions, Republicans and Democrats.美國實際上已一黨制，企業黨，有兩個派別，共和黨人和民主黨人。 There are differences between them.有分歧。 In his study Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age, Larry Bartels shows that during the past six decades “real incomes of middle-class families have grown twice as fast under Democrats as they have under Republicans, while the real incomes of working-poor families have grown six times as fast under Democrats as they have under Republicans”.在他的研究不等民主：政治經濟學的新鍍金時代，拉里巴特爾斯表明，在過去60年來“實際收入的中產階級家庭增長快兩倍，根據民主黨因為他們根據共和黨，而實際收入工作貧困家庭增長6倍的速度下民主黨人因為他們下的共和黨人“ 。 Differences can be detected in the current election as well.分歧是可以發現在目前的選舉以及。 Voters should consider them, but without illusions about the political parties, and with the recognition that consistently over the centuries, progressive legislation and social welfare have been won by popular struggles, not gifts from above.選民應考慮他們，但不抱幻想的政黨，與一貫承認，幾個世紀以來，進步的立法和社會福利已經贏得了民眾的鬥爭，而不是從上面的禮物。 Those struggles follow a cycle of success and setback.這些鬥爭的後續循環的成功和挫折。 They must be waged every day, not just once every four years, always with the goal of creating a genuinely responsive democratic society, from the voting booth to the workplace.他們必須發動每一天，而不僅僅是四年一次，總是與目標是建立一個真正民主的社會反應，從投票站的工作場所。 * The Bretton Woods system of global financial management was created by 730 delegates from all 44 Allied second World War nations who attended a UN-hosted Monetary and Financial Conference at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in 1944. *布雷頓森林體系的全球金融管理是由730代表所有44個盟國第二次世界大戰國家誰出席了聯合國主辦的貨幣和金融會議在華盛頓山飯店布雷頓森林在新罕布什爾州於1944年。 Bretton Woods, which collapsed in 1971, was the system of rules, institutions, and procedures that regulated the international monetary system, under which were set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which came into effect in 1945.布雷頓森林機構，其中倒塌1971年，是該系統的規則，機構和程序，規範了國際貨幣體系下，建立了國際復興和開發銀行（世界銀行） （現在是5個機構在世界銀行集團）和國際貨幣基金組織（ IMF ）生效於1945年。 The chief feature of Bretton Woods was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value.主要特點是布雷頓森林機構有義務為每個國家通過貨幣政策，保持人民幣匯率的貨幣在一個固定的價值。 The system collapsed when the US suspended convertibility from dollars to gold.該系統崩潰時，美國暫停從美元兌換黃金。 This created the unique situation whereby the US dollar became the “reserve currency” for the other countries within Bretton Woods.這創造了獨特的情況，即美元成為“儲備貨幣”的其他國家布雷頓森林。 Noam Chomsky is professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.喬姆斯基是名譽教授語言學麻省理工學院。 His writings on linguistics and politics have just been collected in The Essential Chomsky, edited by Anthony Arnove, from the New Press.他的著作的語言學和政治剛剛被收集在喬姆斯基的本質，編輯安東尼Arnove ，來自新媒體。 Have Your Say: Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 你說：喬姆斯基：反民主性質的美國資本主義正受到 Please read our請仔細閱讀我們的 posting guidelines before posting張貼在發布前的指導方針 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以討論這份報告在這裡 . 。 One Response to “Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed”一個響應的“喬姆斯基：反民主性質的美國資本主義是受到”
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| Spooks in the classroom Spooks在課堂 Seven Years After 9/11, Spies Finally Forced to Share 7年後9 / 11 ，探馬最後被迫共享 Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 喬姆斯基：反民主性質的美國資本主義正受到 | ian 伊恩 commented on: 評論： Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 喬姆斯基：反民主性質的美國資本主義正受到 Noam has hit it on the head again. 諾姆已觸及它的頭部了。 His clarity is impresionable and demands... 他清晰impresionable和要求... Continue Reading & Reply 繼續閱讀及回复 bricbuck bricbuck commented on: 評論： Army scientists want to create ‘brain-wave helmet’ 美國陸軍的科學家要建立'腦電波頭盔' Seriously, the military doesn’t move as fast as gamers? 嚴重的是，軍事行動並不快遊戲？ Well if... 那麼，如果... Continue Reading & Reply 繼續閱讀及回复 Horus 荷魯斯 commented on: 評論： How to Control the AMERICAN Population 如何控制美國人口 Young people, especialy imigrants seem to have many babies as that is what is normal to them and sadly... 年輕人， especialy imigrants似乎有許多嬰兒因為這是正常的，他們和可悲... Continue Reading & Reply 繼續閱讀及回复 ZingPao ZingPao commented on: 評論： Bush To Provide $6.4 Billion In Arms To Taiwan 布什提供64億美元向台灣出售武器 Well with $700 billion what the hell. 井7,000億美元是地獄。 Plenty to spread around right? 很多傳遍對不對？ May Bush, all of them,... 布什5月，所有的人， ... Continue Reading & Reply 繼續閱讀及回复 | |
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Noam has hit it on the head again.諾姆已觸及它的頭部了。 His clarity is impresionable and demands attention.他清晰impresionable和需求的關注。 If only those in power would see thing in the same light, perhaps this world would have some sort of a fighting chance.如果只有當權者將看到的事情在同一輕，也許這個世界上有某種戰鬥的機會。