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 | Translate: 翻译：               Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed乔姆斯基：反民主性质的美国资本主义正受到 Monday, October 13th, 2008 星期一，二零零八年10月13日 By Noam Chomsky由乔姆斯基 THE SIMULTANEOUS unfolding of the US presidential campaign and unraveling of the financial markets presents one of those occasions where the political and economic systems starkly reveal their nature.同时展开的美国总统竞选和解体的金融市场之一，介绍这些情况下，政治和经济制度赤裸裸地暴露其性质。 Passion about the campaign may not be universally shared but almost everybody can feel the anxiety from the foreclosure of a million homes, and concerns about jobs, savings and healthcare at risk.激情的运动可能不是普遍认同的，但几乎每个人都可以感受到的焦虑从赎回的万户家庭，并关注就业，储蓄和医疗风险。 The initial Bush proposals to deal with the crisis so reeked of totalitarianism that they were quickly modified.布什最初的建议，处理危机，使reeked的极权主义，他们迅速改变。 Under intense lobbyist pressure, they were reshaped as “a clear win for the largest institutions in the system .在激烈的游说压力，他们被重新塑造为“一个明确的胜利最大的机构体系。 . 。 . 。 a way of dumping assets without having to fail or close”, as described by James Rickards, who negotiated the federal bailout for the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management in 1998, reminding us that we are treading familiar turf.一种倾销的资产，而不必失败或接近“所描述的詹姆斯Rickards ，谁谈判的联邦紧急援助的对冲基金长期资本管理公司在1998年，提醒我们，我们熟悉的草坪踩。 The immediate origins of the current meltdown lie in the collapse of the housing bubble supervised by Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, which sustained the struggling economy through the Bush years by debt-based consumer spending along with borrowing from abroad.眼前的根源在于当前的危机中崩溃的房地产泡沫的监督，联邦储备委员会主席格林斯潘，这持续的经济困境，布什通过几年的债务为基础的消费开支以及从国外借款。 But the roots are deeper.但是，更深的根源。 In part they lie in the triumph of financial liberalisation in the past 30 years - that is, freeing the markets as much as possible from government regulation.在谎言的一部分，他们中的胜利，金融自由化在过去30年中-也就是使市场尽可能由政府监管。 These steps predictably increased the frequency and depth of severe reversals, which now threaten to bring about the worst crisis since the Great Depression.这些步骤可预见增加的频率和深度的严重倒退，现在威胁带来的最严重的危机，因为大萧条。 Also predictably, the narrow sectors that reaped enormous profits from liberalisation are calling for massive state intervention to rescue collapsing financial institutions.还可以预测，狭隘的部门，获得巨额利润，从贸易自由化，要求大规模的国家干预，以挽救崩溃的金融机构。 Such interventionism is a regular feature of state capitalism, though the scale today is unusual.这种干预是一种经常性的国家资本主义，但今天的规模是不寻常的。 A study by international economists Winfried Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder 15 years ago found that at least 20 companies in the Fortune 100 would not have survived if they had not been saved by their respective governments, and that many of the rest gained substantially by demanding that governments “socialise their losses,” as in today’s taxpayer-financed bailout.一项研究国际经济学家温Ruigrok和罗布面包车Tulder 15年前发现，至少有20家企业在财富100强不会有幸存者，如果他们没有被保存了各自的政府，以及许多其他获得大幅度的要求政府的“社交他们的损失， ”在今天的纳税人资助的救助。 Such government intervention “has been the rule rather than the exception over the past two centuries”, they conclude.这种政府的干预“已规则，而不是例外在过去两个世纪” ，他们总结道。 In a functioning democratic society, a political campaign would address such fundamental issues, looking into root causes and cures, and proposing the means by which people suffering the consequences can take effective control.在一个正常运作的民主社会，政治运动将解决这些基本问题，寻找到根源和解决办法，并提出以何种方式人民的痛苦后果，采取切实有效的控制。 The financial market “underprices risk” and is “systematically inefficient”, as economists John Eatwell and Lance Taylor wrote a decade ago, warning of the extreme dangers of financial liberalisation and reviewing the substantial costs already incurred - and proposing solutions, which have been ignored.金融市场“ underprices风险”和“系统效率低下” ，因为经济学家约翰Eatwell和Lance泰勒写了10年前，预警的极端危险的金融自由化和审查的巨额费用已经发生-并提出解决方案，这已被忽略。 One factor is failure to calculate the costs to those who do not participate in transactions.其中一个因素是无法计算这些费用谁不参加交易。 These “externalities” can be huge.这些“外部因素”可以是巨大的。 Ignoring systemic risk leads to more risk-taking than would take place in an efficient economy, even by the narrowest measures.不顾系统性风险导致更多的冒险比将在一个有效率的经济体系，甚至最窄的措施。 The task of financial institutions is to take risks and, if well-managed, to ensure that potential losses to themselves will be covered.这项任务的金融机构承担风险，如果妥善管理，以确保潜在的损失，自己将被包括在内。 The emphasis is on “to themselves”.重点是“自己” 。 Under state capitalist rules, it is not their business to consider the cost to others - the “externalities” of decent survival - if their practices lead to financial crisis, as they regularly do.根据资本主义国家的规则，这不是他们的商业考虑他人的成本-的“外部因素”体面生存-如果他们的做法导致金融危机，因为他们经常这样做。 Financial liberalisation has effects well beyond the economy.金融自由化的影响远远超出了经济。 It has long been understood that it is a powerful weapon against democracy.长期以来，人们已经认识到，它是一个强大的武器来对付民主。 Free capital movement creates what some have called a “virtual parliament” of investors and lenders, who closely monitor government programmes and “vote” against them if they are considered irrational: for the benefit of people, rather than concentrated private power.资本自由流动创造了一些人所谓的“虚拟议会”的投资者和放款人，谁密切监察政府的方案和“投票”对他们如果他们被认为是不合理的：造福人民，而不是私人权力集中。 Investors and lenders can “vote” by capital flight, attacks on currencies and other devices offered by financial liberalisation.投资者和贷款人可以“投票”的资本外逃，货币的攻击和其他装置所提供的金融自由化。 That is one reason why the Bretton Woods system established by the United States and Britain after the second World War instituted capital controls and regulated currencies.*这是原因之一布雷顿森林体系确立的美国和英国在第二次世界大战后建立的资本管制和规范货币.* The Great Depression and the war had aroused powerful radical democratic currents, ranging from the anti-fascist resistance to working class organisation.大萧条和战争引起了激进的民主的强大电流，范围从反法西斯抵抗组织工人阶级。 These pressures made it necessary to permit social democratic policies.这些压力，有必要让社会民主政策。 The Bretton Woods system was designed in part to create a space for government action responding to public will - for some measure of democracy.布雷顿森林体系的目的是部分创造一个空间，政府的行动回应市民-为某种程度的民主。 John Maynard Keynes, the British negotiator, considered the most important achievement of Bretton Woods to be the establishment of the right of governments to restrict capital movement.约翰梅纳德凯恩斯，英国谈判代表，被认为是最重要的成就布雷顿森林要建立政府有权限制资本流动。 In dramatic contrast, in the neoliberal phase after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s, the US treasury now regards free capital mobility as a “fundamental right”, unlike such alleged “rights” as those guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: health, education, decent employment, security and other rights that the Reagan and Bush administrations have dismissed as “letters to Santa Claus”, “preposterous”, mere “myths”.在戏剧性的相反，在新自由主义阶段的崩溃后，布雷顿森林体系在70年代，美国财政部现在关于资本自由流动的“基本权利” ，与这种所谓的“人权”这些保障世界人权宣言权利：健康，教育，体面的就业，安全和其他权利，里根和布什政府都被视为“写信给圣诞老人” ， “荒谬的” ，仅仅是“神话” 。 In earlier years, the public had not been much of a problem.前几年，市民没有太大的问题。 The reasons are reviewed by Barry Eichengreen in his standard scholarly history of the international monetary system.原因是审查肯格林巴里在他的学术标准历史上的国际货币体系。 He explains that in the 19th century, governments had not yet been “politicised by universal male suffrage and the rise of trade unionism and parliamentary labour parties”.他解释说，在19世纪，各国政府尚未“政治化的普遍男性普选的崛起工会和议会劳工党” 。 Therefore, the severe costs imposed by the virtual parliament could be transferred to the general population.因此，实行严厉的费用由虚拟议会可转移到一般民众。 But with the radicalisation of the general public during the Great Depression and the anti-fascist war, that luxury was no longer available to private power and wealth.但是，随着激进广大市民在经济大萧条期间的反法西斯战争，是奢侈品不再是提供给私人权力和财富。 Hence in the Bretton Woods system, “limits on capital mobility substituted for limits on democracy as a source of insulation from market pressures”.因此，在布雷顿森林体系“ ，限制资本流动的限制取代民主的一个来源隔热市场的压力。 ” The obvious corollary is that after the dismantling of the postwar system, democracy is restricted.最明显的推论是，拆除后的战后体制，民主受到限制。 It has therefore become necessary to control and marginalise the public in some fashion, processes particularly evident in the more business-run societies like the United States.因此，它成为必要的控制和marginalise公众的某种方式，程序尤为明显更商业运行的社会像美国。 The management of electoral extravaganzas by the public relations industry is one illustration.管理选举extravaganzas的公共关系行业是一个例证。 “Politics is the shadow cast on society by big business,” concluded America’s leading 20th century social philosopher John Dewey, and will remain so as long as power resides in “business for private profit through private control of banking, land, industry, reinforced by command of the press, press agents and other means of publicity and propaganda”. “政治是阴影对社会的大生意” ，结束美国领先20世纪的社会哲学家杜威，并且将继续这样做，只要权力居住在“业务的私人利润通过私人控制的银行，土地，工业，加强了指挥的新闻，新闻人员和其他宣传途径和宣传“ 。 The United States effectively has a one-party system, the business party, with two factions, Republicans and Democrats.美国实际上已一党制，企业党，有两个派别，共和党人和民主党人。 There are differences between them.有分歧。 In his study Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age, Larry Bartels shows that during the past six decades “real incomes of middle-class families have grown twice as fast under Democrats as they have under Republicans, while the real incomes of working-poor families have grown six times as fast under Democrats as they have under Republicans”.在他的研究不等民主：政治经济学的新镀金时代，拉里巴特尔斯表明，在过去60年来“实际收入的中产阶级家庭增长快两倍，根据民主党因为他们根据共和党，而实际收入工作贫困家庭增长6倍的速度下民主党人因为他们下的共和党人“ 。 Differences can be detected in the current election as well.分歧是可以发现在目前的选举以及。 Voters should consider them, but without illusions about the political parties, and with the recognition that consistently over the centuries, progressive legislation and social welfare have been won by popular struggles, not gifts from above.选民应考虑他们，但不抱幻想的政党，与一贯承认，几个世纪以来，进步的立法和社会福利已经赢得了民众的斗争，而不是从上面的礼物。 Those struggles follow a cycle of success and setback.这些斗争的后续循环的成功和挫折。 They must be waged every day, not just once every four years, always with the goal of creating a genuinely responsive democratic society, from the voting booth to the workplace.他们必须发动每一天，而不仅仅是四年一次，总是与目标是建立一个真正民主的社会反应，从投票站的工作场所。 * The Bretton Woods system of global financial management was created by 730 delegates from all 44 Allied second World War nations who attended a UN-hosted Monetary and Financial Conference at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in 1944. *布雷顿森林体系的全球金融管理是由730代表所有44个盟国第二次世界大战国家谁出席了联合国主办的货币和金融会议在华盛顿山饭店布雷顿森林在新罕布什尔州于1944年。 Bretton Woods, which collapsed in 1971, was the system of rules, institutions, and procedures that regulated the international monetary system, under which were set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which came into effect in 1945.布雷顿森林机构，其中倒塌1971年，是该系统的规则，机构和程序，规范了国际货币体系下，建立了国际复兴和开发银行（世界银行） （现在是5个机构在世界银行集团）和国际货币基金组织（ IMF ）生效于1945年。 The chief feature of Bretton Woods was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value.主要特点是布雷顿森林机构有义务为每个国家通过货币政策，保持人民币汇率的货币在一个固定的价值。 The system collapsed when the US suspended convertibility from dollars to gold.该系统崩溃时，美国暂停从美元兑换黄金。 This created the unique situation whereby the US dollar became the “reserve currency” for the other countries within Bretton Woods.这创造了独特的情况，即美元成为“储备货币”的其他国家布雷顿森林。 Noam Chomsky is professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.乔姆斯基是名誉教授语言学麻省理工学院。 His writings on linguistics and politics have just been collected in The Essential Chomsky, edited by Anthony Arnove, from the New Press.他的著作的语言学和政治刚刚被收集在乔姆斯基的本质，编辑安东尼Arnove ，来自新媒体。 Have Your Say: Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 你说：乔姆斯基：反民主性质的美国资本主义正受到 Please read our请仔细阅读我们的 posting guidelines before posting张贴在发布前的指导方针 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以讨论这份报告在这里 . 。 One Response to “Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being 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| Spooks in the classroom Spooks在课堂 Seven Years After 9/11, Spies Finally Forced to Share 7年后9 / 11 ，探马最后被迫共享 Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 乔姆斯基：反民主性质的美国资本主义正受到 | ian 伊恩 commented on: 评论： Chomsky: Anti-Democratic Nature of US Capitalism is Being Exposed 乔姆斯基：反民主性质的美国资本主义正受到 Noam has hit it on the head again. 诺姆已触及它的头部了。 His clarity is impresionable and demands... 他清晰impresionable和要求... Continue Reading & Reply 继续阅读及回复 bricbuck bricbuck commented on: 评论： Army scientists want to create ‘brain-wave helmet’ 美国陆军的科学家要建立'脑电波头盔' Seriously, the military doesn’t move as fast as gamers? 严重的是，军事行动并不快游戏？ Well if... 那么，如果... Continue Reading & Reply 继续阅读及回复 Horus 荷鲁斯 commented on: 评论： How to Control the AMERICAN Population 如何控制美国人口 Young people, especialy imigrants seem to have many babies as that is what is normal to them and sadly... 年轻人， especialy imigrants似乎有许多婴儿因为这是正常的，他们和可悲... Continue Reading & Reply 继续阅读及回复 ZingPao ZingPao commented on: 评论： Bush To Provide $6.4 Billion In Arms To Taiwan 布什提供64亿美元向台湾出售武器 Well with $700 billion what the hell. 井7,000亿美元是地狱。 Plenty to spread around right? 很多传遍对不对？ May Bush, all of them,... 布什5月，所有的人， ... Continue Reading & Reply 继续阅读及回复 | |
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Noam has hit it on the head again.诺姆已触及它的头部了。 His clarity is impresionable and demands attention.他清晰impresionable和需求的关注。 If only those in power would see thing in the same light, perhaps this world would have some sort of a fighting chance.如果只有当权者将看到的事情在同一轻，也许这个世界上有某种战斗的机会。