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‘Challenging Authority’ 'やりがいの権限を' Thursday, May 15th, 2008 木曜日、 2008年5月15日
A more recent book is her 2006-published “Challenging Authority” and subject of this review.彼女の他の最近の本は2006年に公開"やりがいの権威"とアジ研は、次の日です。 It’s about how social movements can be pivotal forces for change because ordinary people in enough numbers have enormous political clout.それはどのよう極めて重要な社会的勢力の動きを変更できるため、普通の人々に多大な政治的影響力は十分な数字です。 Abolitionists, labor movements and civil rights activists proved it. abolitionists 、労働運動や市民権運動の活動を証明してください。 Piven examines their collective actions plus one other in the four examples she chose - the American Revolution.パイヴン検討にプラス1つの集団行動は、他の4つの例彼女を選んだ-アメリカ革命のです。 Piven’s book is succinct and masterful.パイヴンの予約は簡潔で見事です。 Howard Zinn calls it a “brilliant analysis of the interplay between popular protest and electoral politics.” Canadian Professor Leo Panitch says the book is “theoretically profound, yet immensely readable,” and sociologist and social movements expert Susan Eckstein describes the book as “quintessentially Piven-esque.” It “eloquently (shows) how ordinary people….have taken it upon themselves to correct injustices.”ハワードチン呼び出して、 "輝かしい民衆の抗議行動の分析との間の相互作用の選挙政治です。 "レオpanitchカナダの教授によると、予約は、 "理論的に深遠な、まだ非常に読みやすい"と社会運動の社会学者や専門家のスーザンエクスタイン説明して予約を"骨の髄までパイヴン風です。 "と"雄弁(ショー)どのよう普通の人々 … 。が取ら史を訂正することにしています。 " Piven’s theme is powerfully relevant at a perilous time in our history.力強くパイヴンのテーマは、関連性の高い危険な時間を我々の歴史をします。 The nation is at war on two fronts, a third one looms, constitutional protections have eroded, social services erased, the country is militarized, dissent repressed, and the government is empowered to crush freedom and defend privilege at the expense of beneficial social change it won’t tolerate. 2つの戦争を国民戦線は、 3番目の1つの織機、憲法上の保護が浸食された、社会的サービスを消去し、その国は、武装は、反対勢力を抑圧し、政府は、権限をつぶすの自由を守る有益な社会的特権を犠牲にして変更することには耐えられない。 Introduction導入 In light of the current situation, Piven’s introductory Thomas Jefferson quote is relevant.に照らして、現在の状況では、トーマスジェファーソン入門パイヴンの引用は適合している。 It was his response to the repressive 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts.それは、彼の反応を抑圧的な外人治安諸法1798 。 He wrote: “A little patience, and we shall see the reign of witches pass over, their spells dissolve, and the people, recovering their true sight, restore their government to its true principles.” Disruptive social actions have done it in the past, and Piven puts it this way: “ordinary people (have) power….when they rise up in anger and hope, defy the rules….disrupt (state) institutions….propel new issues to the center of political debate….(and force) political leaders (to) stem voter defections by proferring reforms.彼は書いた: "ちょっと我慢し、わたしたちは魔女の統治の通過を参照して、彼らの呪文を解散し、人々は、その真の視力回復、復元、その真の原則を政府にします。 "社会秩序を乱す行為がやったことを編集して項目、およびパイヴンこのように曰く: "普通の人々 (は)パワー… 。ときに怒って立ち上がると希望、ルールを無視する… 。混乱させる(状態)機関… 。推進の中心に新たな問題を政治討論… 。 (と力)政治的指導者(し)幹proferring有権者の改革を離党した。 These are the conditions that produce (America’s) democratic moments.”これらの条件を生成する(アメリカの)民主主義の瞬間。 " Electoral participation alone won’t do it.選挙に参加だけじゃ駄目だよ。 “In the real American political world, numerous obstacles” remain - structural, legal and practical. "本当のアメリカの政治の世界で、多くの障害物"残る-構造的、法的、実用的です。 Despite liberalization of the process through the years, “large numbers of ostensibly eligible voters” are effectively disenfranchised.自由化のプロセスにもかかわらず、年月を経て、 "多数の有権者表向き"は、効果的にdisenfranchised 。 Former restrictive laws are gone, but new schemes replaced them - intimidation, misinformation, electoral fraud, and the corrupting power of money in a nation beholden to capital at the expense of the greater good.元制限法はなくなり、しかし、新たなスキームに置き換えて-脅迫、誤報、選挙詐欺、破壊力の国に恩義を受けて資本金を犠牲にして、より良いです。 Piven cites more as well:他としてよく引き合いに出してパイヴン: – the power of incumbency, -在任期間のパワーを、 – the two-party system that shuts out independent and minority interests, -の二大政党制をシャットアウト独立および少数株主持分、 – the construct of the law that empowers the powerful, -の構築法を強化し、強力な、 – the revolving door between business and government, -回転ドアのビジネスと政府の間に、 – the corrupted dominant media, -支配的なメディアの破損、 – the lack of accountability to voters, -この点を有権者に説明責任の欠如、 – arbitrary redistricting for political advantage, -任意の政治的優位性をr edistricting、 – believing markets work best so let them, -信じせて市場機能を活用するため、 – disdaining the harm they cause, -d isdainingの害彼らの原因は、 – feeling interfering with market excess is “moral trespass,” -市場の過剰な干渉して感情は、 "道徳的な侵入、 " – sacrificing democracy in the pursuit of profit, -民主主義の追求の利益を犠牲にすることなく、 – and it all turning the public away from a process they no longer trust. -そしてそれをすべて転換するプロセスから、国民の信頼がないので。 It shows in declining voter turnout with half or less of the electorate showing up at the polls and many without conviction.投票率の低下に表示されたことで有権者の半分以下にすると表示さは、多くの世論調査に有罪判決です。 Post-WW II, “most political scientists viewed American democracy with a self-satisfied complacency.” It wasn’t perfect, but it was the best possible at the time.ポスト見てなかった2世は、 "ほとんどのアメリカの民主主義と政治的な科学者の人気を持つ、自己満足満足しています。 "それはない完璧な、しかし、それは、可能な限りは、時間です。 Two decades later, system imperfections were more apparent, and more recently political science professor Robert Dahl said our system is “among the most opaque, complex, confusing, and difficult to understand” to show how badly we fare compared to other democracies. 2つの数十年後、システムの他の見掛け上の欠点は、ロバートダールの他の政治学教授によると、最近、 Googleのシステムは、 "中で最も不透明になり、複雑で、混乱し、困難を理解する"を表示する方法について運賃と比較して他の民主主義の悪い私たちです。 Inequalities are extreme and growing, and Piven calls it “pernicious.” It breeds “patterns of domination and subservience (and) undermines democratic capabilities.” She quotes political analyst Kevin Phillips saying Washington is “the leading interest-group bazaar of the Western World,” and economist Paul Krugman calling our political system “utterly and perhaps irrevocably corrupted.”極端な不平等は、成長、およびパイヴンは、これを"悪性です。 "品種"のパターンを支配と従属(と)損なう民主主義の機能を提供します。 "彼女は引用符と言っワシントンの政治アナリスト、ケビンフィリップスは、 "グループの主要関心は、西側世界のバザー"とのエコノミスト、ポールクルーグマンの政治システムを呼び出す"全く、おそらく取消不能で破損しています。 " Bad as it now is, Piven says democracy “never worked well in the United States.” Citing the 19th century, she notes how it “was stamped and molded by intense religious and ethnic allegiances (that in turn created a culture of) political parties (at all levels) steeped in patronage.” It was at a time corporate power grew and began to gain advantages that are now commonplace and harmful to the public interest.今すぐ不良としては、パイヴンは言う民主主義"は、米国がうまく機能しない。 "を理由に19世紀には、どのように彼女の注意"は、切手を貼った成形され強烈な宗教的民族的な忠誠(電源を作成して文化の)政治的な政党(すべてのレベル)にさいなまれて引き立てています。 "これは一度に企業の電力を得るメリットが始まったが高まったことから、今すぐには平凡な公共の利益にも有害にします。 Nonetheless, egalitarian reform is possible, and Piven recounts four crucial times when it showed up.それにもかかわらず、平等主義的改革が可能ですが、 4つの重要な回の再集計とパイヴンが現れたときにします。 Each time, protest movements achieved it by influencing American politics, “if only temporarily.” It’s no surprise that power “flows to those who have more of the things and attributes valued in social life.” But times emerge when “workers or peasants or rioters exercise power,” it’s “distinctive….disruptive or interdependent,” and it happens when conditions are right for it to be actualized.その都度、抗議運動を達成アメリカの政治に影響を及ぼすことによって、 "場合にのみ一時的にします。 "これは驚くことではないパワー"の流れにそれらのwhoは他のものと属性を重視される社会生活です。 "しかし、回emergeするときに"労働者またはrioters主権を行使する農民や、 "これは"独特な… 。破壊的または相互に依存し、 "条件が発生すると権利を顕在化されることです。 Piven states the “central question” of her book: “given the power inequalities (in America)” and how it corrupts the political process, “how does egalitarian reform ever occur” at all?パイヴン州の"中央の質問"彼女の本: "与えられたのパワーの不平等(アメリカの) "とどのように政治プロセスが破損し、 "平等主義的改革まではどのように発生する可能性"のすべてのですか? It’s only been at times of “disruptive protest movements” with their “distinctive kind of power” Piven calls “disruptive power.”ことの時のみ確認されて"破壊的な抗議運動"に"独特のようなパワー"パイヴン呼び出し"破壊的なパワーです。 " The Nature of Disruptive Power破壊的な力の性質を First a definition of power in the abstract.第一のパワーは、抽象的に定義されています。 Piven notes the “widely held thesis that (it’s) based on control of wealth and force” - big landowners over peasants, rich over poor, armies over civilians, and so forth.パイヴンノートの"広く開かれた論文は、 (それを)コントロールの富と力に基づいて" -大地主の農民、リッチが非常に悪い、軍隊の民間人などに最適です。 However, it’s not always the case, and “history is dotted” with examples of “people without wealth or coercive resources….exercis(ing) power, at least for a time.”しかし、それはいつもの場合、および"歴史に点在"との例を"人々に富や威圧的なリソース… 。 exercis ( ing )電源、少なくとも一度にします。 " She notes how societies organize through cooperation and interdependence, but disparate interests at times conflict.彼女はメモを整理する方法を通じて社会の協力と相互依存関係が、本質的に異なる利害衝突時です。 While workers depend on management for jobs, managers, in turn, need a work force to produce.ジョブの管理を労働者に依存している間、マネージャーは、順番に、生産力を行使して作業を必要とする。 If labor is withheld, production halts.労働者は、源泉の場合、生産停止します。 Both sides have leverage.両側に活用します。 Either one can activate it.いずれか1つをアクティブにします。 Piven calls the “activation of interdependent power ‘disruption.’ ” It’sa power strategy based on “withdrawing cooperation in social relations.” Protest movements “mobilize disruptive power.” They achieve leverage by breaking down “institutionally regulated cooperation” as in strikes, boycotts or riots.パイヴン呼び出して、 "持ちつ持たれつの活性化のパワー'の混乱を招いた。 ' "これはパワーの戦略に基づいて"引性協力を社会的な関係です。 "抗議運動"破壊的な力を動員する。 "彼らを達成するレバレッジをブレークダウンし"制度の安定化協力"のようにストライク、ボイコットや暴動です。 At these times, ordinary people (potentially) have enormous power - “their ability to disrupt institutionalized cooperation that depends on their continuing contributions.” Key is that great reforms in history have been “responses to the threatened (or use of) disruptive power.” In the US, it achieved representative government, ending slavery, the right to organize, social welfare and civil rights.これらの倍、普通の人々 (潜在的に)は、巨大なパワー-"自分たちの能力を混乱させる制度に依存して協力して継続的な貢献します。 "キーは、実際は大きな改革の歴史にも"レスポンスを脅かさ(または使用を)破壊的なパワーです。 "米国では、それを達成政府代表、エンディング奴隷の権利を整理し、社会福祉、公民権運動です。 Grassroots bottom-up “disruptive power” produced them.草の根のボトムアップ"破壊的なパワー"生産します。 But it takes more than marches, rallies, slogans, shouting or even violence.しかし、それ以上かかる行進、集会、スローガン、大声や暴力行為もします。 It’s also too simplistic to think power from below is there for the taking.あまりにも単純化を考えることも電源を下から撮影がある。 Actualizing power depends on the ability to withhold cooperation.パワーに依存して実現する能力を差し控える協力をお願いいたします。 But it’s not “actionable” until certain problems are solved:しかし、それは"実用的な"特定の問題が解決されるまで: – recognizing interdependence and the potential power from below such as workers withholding their labor or wives their domestic services; -認識の相互依存とパワーより下の可能性など、労働者の労働力の源泉徴収または妻の国内サービス; – the necessity of people breaking rules; rules are power strategies; they allow some people to dominate others, establish property rights, become law, and so forth; -人々の必要性を破壊するルール;ルールは、電力の戦略;彼らにより、他のいくつかの人々を支配する、財産権を確立する、となる法など; – individuals must coordinate their disruptive power for strategic advantage; -個人に破壊的なパワーを調整する必要があります戦略的な優位性; – they must overcome constraints of an entire matrix of social relations; examples are the influence of family ties or the threat of religious excommunication; -全体の制約を克服しなければならない表の社会関係を;例としては、家族のきずなの影響を受けて、または宗教上の脅威を破門; – disruptive power must be sustained, cooperation withheld, and be able to withstand whatever reprisals occur; and -持続的な破壊的なパワーしなければならない、協力を天引きし、報復できるように耐えるどんな場合に発生する、および – the determination to stay the course in the wake of threats and uncertainty - employers who may hire scabs or relocate their plants and facilities. -このコースでのご滞在の決意を受けての脅威と不確実性-雇用者を雇うsc absまたは移転wh o年5月に植物や設備&サービスです。 New strategies aren’t invented for each challenge.発明ごとに新たな戦略はないの挑戦です。 They’re “embedded in memory or culture, in a language of resistance (and) become a ‘repertoire’ (of a) specific constellation of strategies to actualize interdependent power.” New repertoires from below are developed in response to social and economic change.彼らは"メモリの増設や文化に埋め込まれては、言語の抵抗(と)になる'レパートリー' ( 1 )特定の星座の戦略持ちつ持たれつのパワーを実現します。 "下から新たなレパートリーが開発に対応して社会的、経済的変化です。 They become “forged in a political process of action and reaction.” Popular struggles change over time, so, for example, food riots became rare and strike actions typical.彼らになる"偽造で、政治プロセスの作用と反作用。 "人気の闘争の経時変化するので、例えば、食糧暴動は珍しいもので、典型的なストライキの行動です。 However, they’re now threatened with weakened labor protections, the growth of temporary workers, and the ability of employers to operate anywhere in the world under WTO rules.しかし、彼らは現在絶滅の恐れが弱体化した労働者の保護と、派遣労働者の成長を、経営者の能力を運営されて、世界のどこにWTOルールです。 Slowly over time, new repertoires emerge to respond to conditions of the times.ゆっくりと時間の経過と共に、新たなレパートリーをemerge時勢に対応しています。 Lessons are learned from defeat, anger and defiance builds, and creative imagination invents new solutions to old problems.敗北から学んだ教訓は、怒りと反抗的な態度のビルドでは、想像力と創造の新しいソリューションを発明古い問題が発生します。 The Mob and the State - Disruptive Power and the Construction of American Electoral-Representative Arrangements群衆との状態-破壊的なパワーとアメリカの選挙の建設代表の手配 Disorderly and defiant crowds or mobs figure prominently in the history of disruptive movements.無秩序と反抗的群集やモブ図の歴史の破壊的な動きが目立つ。 They played an important role in the Revolutionary War period and years leading up to it.彼らに重要な役割を果たすの革命戦争の時代と年をリードしています。 American elites allied with mobs because they grew uneasy about British rule and developed radical ideas about the right of the colonies to self-government.アメリカのエリート同盟関係にあるため、成長率モブと不安を感じて開発した英国の統治下に過激な思想については、植民地を自己の右側にある政府です。 Without mob support, the war with England couldn’t have been won.暴徒をサポートせず、その戦争でイングランドウォンができませんでした。 They provided the troops who fought it.彼ら軍who提供して戦ったしてください。 Most colonists were from England, and by the mid-1700s numbered around 1.6 million.ほとんどの入植者がよりイングランド、とされる1700年代半ばに周り番号1600000です。 Most had egalitarian ideas and were ordinary people - artisans, apprentices, sailors, laborers, urban poor, farmers, bonded servants, and so forth.ほとんどが普通の人々が平等主義のアイデアや-職人、弟子、船員は、労働者、都市部の貧困層、農民、保税使用人などに最適です。 They also relied on mob action for results.また、暴徒のアクションを結果に依存しています。 In the pre-revolutionary period, “riots and tumults” were commonplace.革命的な期間は、事前に、 "暴動とtumults "が当たり前です。 Bacon’s 1676 Rebellion of discontented frontiersmen and slaves was the first one of note.ベーコンの反乱1676 frontiersmanの複数形とスレーブの不満は、最初の1つに注意します。 In the next 100 years, another 18 uprisings erupted (according to Howard Zinn) against colonial governments along with six black rebellions and 40 riots.は、次の100年、別の18 uprisings噴火(ハワードによると、チン)に対する植民地政府と一緒に6つの黒rebellions 、 40暴動です。 Tensions grew as the years passed.緊張の年間成長率として渡されます。 They challenged Britain and colonial elites.英国と植民地のエリートに挑戦します。 Inequalities also increased, and they spawned protests against them.不平等も増加し、彼らの新たな抗議します。 One study cited 150 riots in cities and rural areas between 1765 and 1769. 1つの研究引用150の都市と農村部との間に暴動1765と1769 。 In addition, merchants and landowners grew angry with the Crown.加えて、商店主や地主のクラウン怒って成長します。 In 1763, it sent a standing army to the colonies, introduced new taxes, made demands to billet British troops and to curb colonial assemblies’ power. 、 1763 、常備軍を植民地に送信する、新たな税を導入、ビレットが要求して英国の植民地を抑制するために、軍隊およびアセンブリ'パワーです。 It introduced the Sugar Act, Tea Act and a new Stamp Act.法に導入し、砂糖、紅茶法と、新しいスタンプ法です。 Colonists resisted and mob action was crucial.入植抵抗と暴徒アクションが実行された重要です。 They made Stamp Act enforcement impossible and dumped tea into more than one harbor to prove it, besides the notable December 16, 1773 Boston action.彼らはスタンプ法施行不可能とダンプのお茶を1つ以上の港を証明することは、注目に値するに加えて、 1773年12月16日ボストンのアクションです。 Historian Edward Countryman called it the “final rupture” leading up to war.歴史学者エドワードカントリーマンと呼ばれることの"最後の断裂"戦争に至るまでです。 Those who took up arms wanted popular democracy, and it affected the post-revolutionary drafting of state constitutions.それらの武器を取り上げた指名手配who大衆民主主義、およびそれ以降の革命的な影響を受ける憲法起草の状態です。 They reflected “egalitarian and libertarian ideas that were spreading up and down the eastern seaboard.” They wanted popular liberty and drafted laws that limited executive powers, established unicameral legislatures or at least powerful lower houses, short terms of office to force elected officials to face voters more often, and essentially make government accountable to the people.彼らに反映"平等主義と自由主義のアイデアを上下に広がっていたの東部沿岸です。 "法の草案が欲しい人気の自由と執行の権限を限定、または少なくとも設立一院制議会の強力な低住宅、短期利用の事務所関係者を強制的に選出さに直面する有権者をより頻繁に、と本質的に、政府の責任を人々です。 It alarmed the nation’s elites who, in turn, precipitated efforts to reform the new state constitutions and reign in their democratic excesses.それは国の危機感を募らせるエリートwhoは、順番に、改革の努力を、新しい状態に沈殿した憲法と民主主義の行き過ぎに君臨しています。 Defeating England unleashed electorate demands, and they showed up in popular rebellions.有権者の要求を破ってイングランド解き放たれた、と彼らに人気のrebellions姿を見せた。 They were fueled by postwar depression, debt, and legislative imposition of poll and property taxes on farmers.彼らは戦後のうつ病に支えられ、負債、および立法の世論調査と財産税を賦課の農民です。 They petitioned for relief, got none, so armed mobs closed the courts to stop debtor suits and stave off foreclosure on their farms.彼ら請願の救済はなしので、武装モブ閉鎖し、スーツやコートを停止する債務者の農場食い止めようとして差し押さえられています。 Rebellions spread across New England with Daniel Shays leading the most famous one in 1786 and 1787.ニューイングランドを越えて広がるrebellionsシェーズダニエルリードして1786と1787で最も有名な1つです。 The rebels were dispersed, but they got amnesty, tax relief, and most imprisoned debtors were released.反乱軍が分散された、しかし、彼らはアムネスティは、税の軽減、およびほとんどの債務者が投獄さリリースされました。 Elites were alarmed, excess democracy had to be curbed, and the 1787 Constitutional Convention became the way to do it.エリートが危機感を募らせる、過剰な民主主義を抑制しなければなりませんし、憲法制定会議が1787への道を行うにしてください。 There were other problems as well.その他の問題があったとしてもです。 The Articles of Confederation were unwieldy, had to be replaced, and a new document was needed that would last into “remote futurity” to serve the interests of “the (only) people” who mattered.連盟の記事は扱いにくい、交換しなければなりませんし、必要に応じて、新しい文書は、それは最後に"リモート未来"の利益に奉仕する" (のみ)の人々 " who役に立たなかった。 They were established white male property owning delegates and members of state conventions who rammed the ratification process through in the face of a largely indifferent and uncomprehending populace left out entirely.財産所有していた白人男性に設立メンバーの状態名まで収容可能と条約の批准プロセスを通じてwho追突さに直面し、理解していない無関心な民衆は、ほぼ完全に取り残されています。 The challenge was to offer democratic concessions, create an appearance of democracy, but frame a document for rich property owners in charge of the process for their own self-interest.ここでの課題は民主主義の譲歩を提供する、民主主義の外観を作成するが、フレームは、文書を担当して豊かな土地所有者が自己の利益を自分で処理します。 Only the privileged could vote.投票のみの特権がします。 Women, blacks, Indians and children couldn’t and most who qualified didn’t bother.女性、黒人、インディアンや子供たちとほとんどできませんでしたwho資格を困らしなかった。 The process, and what it produced, showed operatively democracy is little more than fantasy, but it wasn’t designed to appear that way.この過程で、生産とどのようなことは、民主主義を示して手術を超えるファンタジーはほとんどない、それはない設計を表示することも可能です。 The “people” got to elect lower house members, who, in turn, elected senators to the upper chamber. "人々 "なんだよ、衆院議員を選出、 whoは、順番に、箱の上部に選出の上院議員です。 The system stayed that way until the 17th Amendment (ratified in 1913) allowed voters in each state to elect representatives to both Houses of Congress.これにより、システム宿泊するまで、 17日に改正案(批准は1913 )可の有権者が、それぞれの状態を衆参両院の議会に代表者を選出します。 Also proposed was a chief executive, a national judiciary with a Supreme Court, and provisions for admitting new states with republican governments.提案は、経営幹部、最高経営も、国民の司法最高裁判所は、新国家を認めるとの規定を共和党政府します。 In addition, the Constitution had procedures for amendments and much more, including terms of office and staggered elections to prevent too many officials being unseated at the same time.加えて、憲法改正手続きについては、はるかに、オフィスや時差を含むサイトの選挙で落選したのを防ぐあまりにも多くの関係者は、同じ時間です。 In the end, the final product was a bundle of compromises, yielded little of substance to “the people,” and assured power was left to the powerful.での最後には、最終製品は、バンドルの妥協、譲歩ほとんどの物質を"人々 "と安心して強力なパワーが残された。 The Constitution’s opening words were “We the people,” but, in fact, they were nowhere in sight.憲法の開会の言葉は"我々の人々 、 "しかし、実際には、彼らはどこにも見当たらない。 The framers “engineered a conservative counter-revolution….whose purpose….was to thwart the will of the people in whose will they acted.” Government under the new document was created to fill the vacuum created by the defeat of Great Britain.のframers "組み換え保守的なカウンタ-革命… 。 、その目的のため… 。のを阻止するのは、かれらの人々の行動です。 "政府の下に新しいドキュメントが作成さを埋めるの真空偉大な英国の敗北で作成された。 It restored the essential British commercial and financial system and put it under new management.復元すること欠かせない英国の商業や金融システムと言えば新たな経営されています。 Monarchal wrappings were removed, everything changed, and yet everything, in fact, stayed the same.君主らしいwrappingsが削除されると、すべての変更、およびまだありませんすべて、実際には、宿泊と同じです。 Rarely, if ever, was there so much rebellion with so little cause, and with so little to show for it.めったにあるとすれば、これくらいの反乱がそこにはほとんどの原因、およびリトルを表示するようにしてください。 Consider the Constitution’s crowing achievement, at least so we’re told - the Bill of Rights.ヒューヒュー憲法の業績を考慮して、少なくともわれわれはこれは-この法案の権利です。 Adopting them made the difference to get 13 states to ratify the document and make it law.を採用しては、 13州の違いを得ると努力して文書を批准している。 Their protections weren’t for “the people.” They were for the privileged who wanted:彼らの保護がない"の人々です。 "彼らは、特権who指名手配: – prohibitions against quartering troops in their property; -禁止設営軍駐留に反対設備; – unreasonable searches and seizures there as well; -理不尽な検索と発作がかかると思います; – the right to have state militias protect them; -状態の民兵組織を持つ権利を守ること; – the right to bear arms, but not the way the Second Amendment is today interpreted; -武器を持つ権利は、 2番目の方法ではなく改正案は、今日の解釈; – - the rights of free speech, the press, religion, assembly and petition - largely for the monied and propertied interests; --言論の自由の権利を、マスコミ、宗教、アセンブリと請願書-大部分は、m o n iedと地主の利益; – due process of law with speedy public trials; and -しかるべき法手続きを踏んで迅速な公開裁判;と – various other provisions worked out through compromise; two additional amendments were proposed but rejected; Jefferson and Madison wanted them; Adams and Hamilton were opposed; they would have banned monopolies and standing armies; in the end, the first 10 alone were adopted; we never saw what difference the other two might have made. -様々な妥協を介して他の規定に働い;しかし、さらに2つの改正案が提案を拒否;ジェファーソンとマディソン指名手配して; A damsとハミルトンが反対;彼らは独占禁止と立って軍隊;での最後に、一人の最初の1 0件が採択;私たちどのような違いを見たことはなく、他の2つのかもしれないが。 Piven’s main point isn’t that “constitution-making” limited “popular power.” It’s that “disruptive power challenges (of the time) could not be (entirely) ignored….” The founders established a republican government, popular liberties (to a degree) were conceded, and the idea (if not the reality) of the “consent of the governed” became a fundamental principle of political thought.パイヴンの主なポイントではないが"憲法を作る"初回限定"人気のパワーです。 "ただそれだけのこと"破壊的なパワーの課題(の時間)できませんでした(完全に)無視された… 。 "の創設を設立した共和党政府は、人気の自由(ある程度)が譲歩、とのアイデア(すべてではないのが現実)は、 "被統治者の同意"政治思想の基本原則になった。 Further, in subsequent decades, suffrage expanded, taxpaying requirements replaced property ones, and these, too, were gradually eliminated.さらに、その後の数十年間、参政権の拡大、納税の要件ものに置き換え設備、およびこれらのは、あまりにも、徐々に除去された。 By the 1830s, most white men had the right to vote. 1830年代に、ほとんどの白人男性は、投票権を保障する。 It’s unlikely these changes would have happened under British rule.これらの変更の可能性は少ないが、英国統治下が起こった。 So while was no disagreement on how government was to be run, (in John Adams’ words, by “the rich, the well born, and the able,”) the mob, according to Piven, “played a large if convoluted role in the construction of a new state with at least some of the elemental features of democracy.”このため、政府はなかった意見の相違を実行する方法については、 (ジョンアダムス'言葉は、 "金持ちは、井戸に生まれる、とのこと、 " )の暴徒によると、パイヴン、 "プレイする大規模な場合に複雑な役割を果たす新しい国家を建設するため、少なくとも民主主義のいくつかの元素の特徴です。 " Dissensus Politics, or the Interaction of Disruptive Challenges with Electoral Politics - The Case of the Abolitionist Movement意見の不一致の政治か、または破壊的な課題との相互作用の選挙政治-例の奴隷解放運動 Piven defines “dissensus” as a tug of war between the need for political leaders to “mobilize majorities” and “disruptive challengers work(ing) to fragment them.” She also calls this “the key to understanding” disruptive protest power over public policy decisions.パイヴン定義されて"意見の不一致"として綱引きの間に必要な政治的指導者を"動員多数派"と"破壊的な挑戦仕事( ing )をフラグメントている。 "彼女も、この呼び出し"のキーを理解する"破壊的な力がある公共政策に抗議する意思決定します。 Political coalitions are at times fragile and vulnerable.政治的な連立回壊れやすいとの脆弱性がある。 When opposition to consensus surfaces and builds, it can be fractious, disruptive, and an “opening (to get) policy concessions on the (breakaway) movement’s issues.”表面とのコンセンサスのビルド時に反対の立場を、気難しいことができますが、破壊的、および、 "オープニング(を得る)政策の譲歩を検索する(分離)運動の問題です。 " Case in point - “Abolitionism.” By one estimate, free blacks numbered around 59,000 in 1790.ケースのポイント-"奴隷制度廃止論です。 " 1つの推計によると、黒人の番号は5 90001 790年無料です。 By the start of the Civil War, the total had increased eightfold to about 488,000.アメリカ南北戦争の開始された、合計は488000には約8倍に増加します。 In the run-up the the Revolutionary War, slavery issues were contentious with hints early on about what later might develop.を指定して実行するのは革命戦争、奴隷制度に問題が論争のヒントについては初期の段階ではどのような開発へかもしれない。 In spite of owning slaves himself, Jefferson’s first Declaration of Independence draft included grievances against the Crown’s involvement in trafficking.奴隷所有しているにもかかわらず、自分自身、ジェファーソンの最初の独立宣言草案に不満を持っ含まれるものの人身売買への関与をクラウンです。 Southern representatives took issue, the clause was dropped, and to build postwar consensus the South had to be reassured that their slave system would remain intact.南部の代表者が問題では、この条項は取り下げられた、とのコンセンサスを構築する戦後の南しなければなりません安心してスレーブシステムは無傷のままです。 It led to Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution saying that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of allocating congressional representation.につながった第1 、第2条第3項は、憲法と言っているのスレーブとしてカウントさがある人の5分の3つの目的のために割り当て議会の表現です。 According to historian Gary Wills: For southern states, this issue was “a nonnegotiable condition for their joining the Union” and with it they got “a large and domineering representation in Congress.”歴史学者によると、ゲイリー遺言:アメリカ南部の州は、この問題は"彼らに参加するための条件を交渉の余地のない連合"と、それ彼らは"議会で大規模かつ横暴な表現です。 " Consider some other relevant facts:他の関連するいくつかの事実を考慮する: – large slave owners had disproportionate power; they controlled state legislatures and selected senators; -大規模な奴隷所有者が不均衡なパワー;彼らと選択制御州議会上院議員; – most American presidents until the Civil War were southerners and slaveholders (including Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson); -最近のアメリカの大統領が南とするまで、内戦s laveholders(ワシントン、ジェファーソン、マディソン、モンローとジャクソン) ; – the first US 1790 census reported 757,000 blacks or nearly one-fifth of the total four million population; -1 790国勢調査報告する初めての米国の黒人や7 57000の5分の1近くの総人口4 000000; – in 1807, Congress outlawed the importation of African slaves after 1808, yet trafficking illegally brought in another 250,000 until 1860; -、 1 807、議会アフリカの奴隷の輸入を禁止した後、 1 808、人身売買はまだありません1 860年まで不法に持ち込まれる別の2 50000; – enacted slavery provisions were for the North as well as the South; only Pennsylvania and the New England states outlawed the practice; in 1787, most states were slave states, and the new Constitution protected their holdings; -制定された奴隷制の規定は、北朝鮮だけでなく、南;のみペンシルバニア州ニューイングランドと非合法の練習;は1 787は、ほとんどの州が奴隷状態、および、新憲法に保護し、保有; – intersectional planter, commercial, banking and manufacturing interests tied the North and South together; slavery and cotton enriched the South, production boomed, and northern manufacturing also benefitted; -横切るプランター、商業、金融や製造業の利益の北と南一緒に縛られ;奴隷と綿花濃縮の南、生産ブーム、および北部の製造業もb enefitted; – the human bondage system affected radical abolitionists; they knew that ending slavery meant “overturning” the Constitution; -システムの影響を受け、人間の過激なボンテージa bolitionists;彼ら奴隷制の意味を知っていたがエンディング"転倒"憲法; – to accommodate consensus politics, compromise was preferable to conflict; to protect the South from the majority nonslave North, “balanced” admission of new slave and free states was agreed on as well as a similar arrangement for presidential and vice-presidential tickets; -コンセンサスを収容政治、妥協案が望ましいとの競合;を保護するための過半数n onslave北から南、 "バランスの取れた"入場料無料国は、新たなスレーブに合意し、同様の手配をするだけでなく大統領と副大統領のチケット; – nonetheless, compromises were fragile and sectional conflicts arose; one instance was over the Mexican War, annexation of Texas, and disposition of 650,000 square miles of new territory; neither side was satisfied even though compromise was achievable on matters of tariffs, centralized banking, internal improvements, and free western land. -それにもかかわらず、妥協が壊れやすいとの競合が発生した断面;の1つのインスタンスが終わると、メキシコの戦争、テキサス州併合し、新たな処分の領土平方マイル6 50000;どちらの側が妥協にもかかわらず満足に達成可能な事項については、関税、中央集権バンキング、内部の改善、欧米の土地は無料です。 Given the enormous costs of dissolution, why weren’t both sides committed to preventing it?与えられた膨大な費用を解散し、なぜ両側にはコミットを防ぐことですか? Piven cites “the strident and disruptive abolitionist campaign with its demands for immediate emancipation.パイヴン引き合いに出して"耳障りなキャンペーンと破壊的な廃止論者の要求を即時に解放します。 Abolitionism fractured….the sectional accord” that held disparate elements together - until 1860.奴隷制度廃止論骨折… 。の断面協定"が開かれたの異分子一緒に-1 860年までです。 Who were the abolitionists? whoは、 abolitionistsですか? According to Howard Zinn, they were “editors, orators, run-away slaves, free Negro militants, and gun-toting preachers.” Together they “shaped….the movement and contributed to its disruptive power.” Its effects fractured intersectional parties, divided the nation, and led to the Civil War and legal emancipation.チンハワードによると、彼らは"エディター、 orators 、実行チェックアウトスレーブ、無料、フリー黒人の過激派と銃を持った説教師です。 "になって"形… 。の動きとその破壊的なパワーに貢献しています。 "その効果を横切る骨折政党、分断国家とつながって、内戦と法的解放します。 “Evangelical revivalists” were committed to reform. "福音revivalists "が改革にコミットします。 They believed slavery was sinful, and would accept nothing less than ending it.奴隷制度は、罪深いと考えられ、何も未満の結末を受け入れるとしてください。 In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator.は1831年、ウィリアムロイド駐屯地解放設立しています。 It became the voice of militant abolitionism.過激派の声を奴隷制度廃止となった。 “Garrison was no gradualist.” He refused compromise and demanded “immediate and unconditional emancipation.” "守備隊はなかった漸進主義だ"と妥協と要求を拒否した"即時かつ無条件の解放を目指すものです。 " Others were equally committed.他人が平等にコミットします。 They formed antislavery associations, edited papers, spoke publicly, and by 1841 claimed 200,000 members.彼ら形成奴隷制の関連付け、編集、論文、スポーク公然と、 1841年と主張200000メンバーです。 Religious passion and enlightenment fervor spread throughout the North.宗教的情熱と啓発な熱気に包まれる北朝鮮全体に広がる。 In the South, it was opposed by “Southern rights” societies that used the Bible to claim “slavery fulfilled God’s purposes.” It produced schisms and strife, got Garrison paraded through Boston with a rope around his neck, and vigilante welcoming committees awaited northern abolitionists coming south.の南に、それは反対され"南部の権利"を主張社会を使用して聖書の"神の目的に果たされる奴隷です。 "生産schismsと闘争は、ボストンが駐屯地行進を通じて自分の首をロープを使ってを周り、および自警団歓迎委員会待たれていた北南abolitionists来る。 Nonetheless, abolitionism grew, congressional antislavery petitions mounted, Congress claimed no authority to act, and thousands of slaves took matters into their own hands.それにもかかわらず、奴隷制度廃止論が高まるにつれ、請願書を議会にマウント奴隷制、議会の権限に行動すると主張し、数千人の奴隷を自分の手が問題です。 They resisted by “evasion, sabotage, suicide, or running away.” There were also slave revolts - in 1800 in a march on Richmond; 1811 on a plantation near New Orleans; 1817 and 1818 in Florida; and Nat Turner and 70 other slaves in Virginia “kill(ing) all whites” and sparing no one.彼らに抵抗した"脱税、サボタージュ、自殺か、または実行中です。 "スレーブがあったにも反乱-は1 800年3月には、リッチモンド; 1 811は、プランテーションの近くニューオーリンズ; 1 817、 1 818、フロリダ州、およびその他の奴隷ナットターナーと7 0バージニア州"を殺す( ing )のすべての白人"と金に飽か1つです。 Most disruptive was the Underground Railway with whites and free blacks involved.最も破壊的な地下鉄では、白人と黒人の参加無料です。 It defied federal antifugitive laws and freed tens of thousands of southern slaves.それ無視連邦antifugitive何万人もの法律や南部の奴隷解放します。 Abolitionist disruptions “inevitably penetrated electoral politics.” It fragmented both parties, made compromise impossible, and led to the emergence of the Republican Party.廃止論者の混乱を回避する"必然的に政治選挙に侵入した。 "両当事者が断片化し、妥協は不可能だ、とつながって共和党の出現します。 It opposed expanding slavery as new states entered the union, and in 1860 got Abraham Lincoln elected president.奴隷として拡大することに反対新国家連合入力して、 1860年、エイブラハムリンカーンが大統領に選ばれた。 His platform - containing slavery and condemning threats of disunion as treason.彼のプラットフォーム-を含む分裂の脅威を奴隷として、反逆罪を非難します。 The South responded.南から回答を得た。 Seven states seceded, Fort Sumpter was attacked, the Civil War began, four more slave states joined the others, and Lincoln committed to war to restore the union. 7つの州seceded 、フォート荷馬は、攻撃は、内戦が始まった、 4つの州の他のスレーブ、他のメンバー登録、およびリンカーン戦争を復元するに組合をコミットします。 As conflict wore on, its horrific toll drove him toward emancipation.紛争を着ていたとして、その彼に向かっゾッとするような通行運転解放します。 Piven notes that the “insurrectionary role of the slaves….was probably critical to his decision.” During the war, hundreds of thousands of them refused to work, deserted plantations, and crippled the Confederacy’s ability to feed itself.パイヴンノートは、 "反乱の役割をスレーブ… 。はおそらく彼の決定は重要な役割をします。 "戦争中に、何百何千ものを拒否して作業して、人けのないプランテーション、および肢体の不自由な同盟の能力を、フィードそのものです。 In addition, around 200,000 slaves fought with the North, and their numbers were significant in achieving victory.加えて、約200000戦ったが、北朝鮮の奴隷と、その数字の目標を達成するの勝利が重要です。 Abolitionism grew, southern secession spurred it, and in January 1865 Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment banning slavery.奴隷制度廃止論が高まるにつれ、南部の分離加速し、 1865年1月議会に合格して奴隷制を禁止する憲法修正第13条です。 Nominally, former slaves got more rights from the Fourteenth (due process and equal protection) and Fifteenth (forbidding racial discrimination in voting) Amendments as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1866.名目上、元奴隷の他の権利からは14 (正当な法の手続きと平等の保護) 、第15回(威嚇するような人種差別の議決権)の改正だけでなく、公民権法の1866年です。 “Abolitionists had triumphed,” they did it through electoral politics by splitting the parties, yet their victory was limited. " triumphed abolitionistsは、 "彼らはそれを分割して政党政治の選挙を通じて、彼らの勝利はまだありませんが限られている。 Post-emancipation, the movement “melted into the Republican Party,” southern and northern leaders became accommodative, and elites in the South “moved rapidly to restore their control over blacks.” Nonetheless, an impressive victory was won even if only marginally, and it would take another century before blacks got any of their constitutional rights.解放後、その運動は"溶かしての共和党は、 "南部と北部の指導者が調節し、エリートの南に"移動急速に制御する黒人を復元する。 "それにもかかわらず、ウォンの印象的な勝利は、たとえわずか、および黒人はかかるだろうが別の世紀にする前にそれらの任意の憲法上の権利です。 Movements and Reform in the American Twentieth Century改革の動きとは、アメリカの20世紀 Throughout American history, disruptive protests were common, yet rarely did any have a “big bang” effect.アメリカの歴史を通して、破壊的な抗議運動が共通の、まだありませんはめったになかった任意のは、 "ビッグバン"有効にします。 Decades elapsed between successful abolitionism and New Deal reforms.数十年の間に成功した奴隷制度廃止の経過とニューディール政策の改革です。 In the 20th century, Piven notes that almost all important labor, civil rights and social welfare legislation got passed in just two six-year periods - 1933 - 1938 and 1963 - 1968.は、 20世紀に入り、パイヴンノートをほぼすべての重要な労働力、市民の権利と社会福祉に可決された法案はわずか2つの6年間の期間-1 933- 19 38、1 9 63-1 96 8。 There was one exception - the 1972 Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for the elderly poor and people with disabilities. 1つの例外があった-、 1 972年の補足安全保障所得( S SIの)貧困層や高齢者のための障害者です。 Great Depression hard times spurred important reforms to provide emergency relief:大恐慌のハード回拍車をかけた重要な改革の緊急援助を提供する: – the Civil Works Administration (CWA) for work relief; it reached 28 million people (22.2% of the population); -の土木工事管理( c wa)仕事救援; 2 8000000の人々に達し(人口の2 2.2% ) ; – overall social spending rose from 1.34% of GDP in 1932 to 5% by 1934 and showed that government works for the people when it wants to; -全体の社会的支出のG DPは1 .34%上昇した百分の1932から5までさによると、 1 934年から政府の人々の作品をしたいときに; – the 1935 Social Security Act established the framework for all future income support programs - retirement benefits, unemployment, supplemental income, subsidized housing, and all categories of “welfare;” -1 935年の社会保障法の枠組みを設置し、将来の収入のすべてのサポートプログラム-退職給付、失業、所得補足、補助金の住宅、およびすべてのカテゴリの"福祉;" – most entitlements expanded in the 1960s - old age pensions; unemployment insurance; quadrupling the numbers of women and children receiving Aid to Dependent Children; Medicare; Medicaid; new nutritional programs, including food stamps and school lunches; federal aid to education; and inner-city development through the Model Cities Act of 1966. -人気のエンタイトルメント拡張では1 960年代-老齢年金;失業保険;女性と子供の4倍の数に依存する子供たちの援助を受け;メディケア;メディケイド;新しい栄養プログラム、切手や学校給食を含む食品;連邦政府の教育への援助;とインナー-都市開発のモデル都市の行為を通じて1966 。 Overall in the 1960s, social spending rose from $37 billion to $140 billion in the post-1965 decade.全体では1960年代、社会的支出のバラより37000000000ドルを140000000000ドルは、 10年後- 1965です。 By the mid-1970s, poverty levels were down from 20% in 1965 to 11%. 1970年代半ばに、貧困レベルがダウンから20 %に百分の1965から11までです。 Each period also saw political rights expand.それぞれの期間も見た政治的権利拡大します。 Mass strikes of the early 1930s produced the landmark 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).大量のストライキは、 1930年代初めに制作し、ランドマーク、 1935年全国労働関係法( nlra ) 。 For the first time, it gave labor the right to bargain collectively on equal terms with management and provided legal protections to strike actions.ための最初の時、それは労働者の権利を総称しバーゲンでの管理と提供を同等の条件でのストライキの法的保護を操作します。 The 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act established national minimum wages and maximum hours.公正労働基準法の制定1938年全国最低賃金および最大時間です。 These laws advanced worker rights over the next three decades.これらの法令高度な労働者の権利を、次の3つの数十年です。 In 1964, civil rights actions got the Twenty-Fourth Amendment passed. 1964年、公民権運動の行動は、二十四改正渡されます。 It prohibited poll taxes in federal elections, and along with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act overrode state and local franchise restrictions that were in place in the South since Reconstruction.それに税金を禁止されて連邦議会選挙の世論調査、およびとともに、 1964年の公民権法と1965年に議決権法overrode州および地方フランチャイズの代わりに規制された以降の南に復興します。 As Piven put it: The 1960s civil rights movement “finally won, a century later, the reforms first announced (but never gotten) in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.” In addition, the 1964 Equal Opportunity Act (antipoverty program) provided federal funds for poor communities.パイヴンとして言えば: 1960年代の公民権運動の"最後にウォンで、一世紀への改革を最初に発表した(しかし、決して得)は、 14と15の改正です。 "加えて、 1964年機会均等法(貧困絶滅プログラム)提供フェデラルファンドを非常に悪いコミュニティです。 Why these “big bangs” then and not at other times?なぜ、これらの"ビッグ前髪"ではなく入力し、他の回ですか? It’s because they were gotten during periods of “mass disruption” that mobilized “interdependent power from below….” Veterans marched on Washington, rent strikes spread, people commandeered food, labor walkouts occurred, demonstrations demanded relief, so Roosevelt had to act.それは期間中に得ていた"大量破壊"を動員し"持ちつ持たれつのパワーより下に… 。 "退役軍人ワシントン大行進、家賃のストライキが広がるにつれて、人々犯罪フード、労働者ストが発生、デモ救済を求め、ルーズベルトいたように行動するです。 It wasn’t out of benevolence, and his 1932 platform showed it.慈善することはない、と彼の1932年のプラットフォームを示しています。 It contained the same old 1920s planks that kept Republicans in power throughout the decade. 1920年代に含まれる旧板と同じことをして権力の座に共和党の10年間保管します。 Conditions now changed, disruptive protests demanded help, echoes of the 1917 Russian Revolution were still audible, so Roosevelt acted to save capitalism.今すぐ条件を変更すると、破壊的な抗議運動を助けを求め、エコーは、 1917年のロシア革命はまだ聞き取れるので、ルーズベルト資本主義の行動を保存する。 He gave a little to save a lot for the privileged who understood the fragility of their position.彼は少し特権を保存するには、多くの脆弱性who理解して、自分の位置です。 The 1960s saw other disruptive protests - this time by a massive black insurgency on one side against white southern “resistance” on the other. 1960年代に見た他の破壊的な抗議行動-この時期に大規模な暴動を1つの黒白南部の反対側の"抵抗"を、他のです。 It came to a head in the mid-1960s in the form of civil disobedience.それを頭に来て1960年代半ばの形での市民的不服従します。 It began in the South, spread across the country, resulted in harsh police crackdowns, greater disruptive riots, and they forced the federal government to intervene.それが始まったの南には、その国を越えて広がる、警察の取り締まり厳しい結果に、より破壊的な暴動、および連邦政府への介入を余儀なくされた。 Turbulence, social unrest, and a climate of general crisis produced reforms to diffuse the disorder of the times.乱流、社会不安、全般的危機と気候のびまん性の疾患の改革を生産する回クリックします。 Electoral forces also played a role the way Piven explains.選挙軍の役割をプレイする方法もパイヴン説明します。 She calls the “interplay between electoral shifts and political leaders….the most influential explanation of twentieth-century policy change.” Big bangs were “big electoral” ones.彼女呼び出して、 "政治指導者との相互作用の選挙シフト… 。で最も影響力の20世紀政策変更を説明します。 "ビッグ前髪は、 "大きな選挙"だ。 Two credible hypotheses explain how they occur: 2つの仮説の信憑性を説明どのように発生する可能性: – the “mobilization” thesis (during hard times) raising the level of voter turnout; new voters are key; they provide impetus for realignment under this theory; and -"動員"論文(中ハード回)の投票率のレベルを引き上げる;新しい有権者は、キー;彼ら弾みを提供するこの理論に再編され、 – the “conversion” thesis (also during hard times) detaching voters from their traditional Republican Party affiliation; here shifting loyalties explain it. -"コンバージョン"論文(も中にハード回)有権者からデタッチ彼らの伝統的な共和党所属;シフトのこだわりを抱き、ここで説明しています。 Either way, political leaders respond, strive to win and/or hold their support, and they enacted social relief measures in the 1930s and 1960s.いずれにせよ、政治指導者の反応を、努力して勝つおよび/または保留のサポート、および社会的救済策が制定され、 1930年代と1960年代にします。 More is in play as well as voters by themselves have little influence over policy.他に遊んでは、自身だけでなく、有権者に政策の影響力がほとんどない。 In addition, politicians need broad majorities, and building them takes avoiding conflict, building consensus and striking familiar appeals for prosperity, God, country and family.加えて、広範な多数派政治家に必要な、と建物をしては、紛争を避け、建物のコンセンサスと繁栄に目を見張るおなじみの控訴を、神は、国やご家族です。 As a result, electoral shifts alone don’t automatically produce bold new initiatives.その結果、選挙シフトだけではありません大胆な新しい取り組みを自動的に生成します。 In fact, they rarely do unless special times produce extraordinary responses.実際には、彼らめったにありません。臨時応答しない限り、特別な時間を生産します。 In the 1930s and 1960s, disruptive protests and potential institutional disorder got Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson to act quite differently than they would have had conditions been normal.は、 1930年代と1960年代には、破壊的な抗議運動と制度的障害の可能性はルーズベルトとリンドンジョンソンに行動するよりもかなり異なっていた条件が正常なのです。 Under the right circumstances, protest movements are powerful and provide the impetus for social reform.右事情の下に、抗議の動きは、強力な機能を提供して弾みを社会改革です。 “The urgency, solidarity, and militancy that conflict generates lends movements distinctive capacities as political communicators.” At least for a brief time, “marches, rallies, strikes and shutdowns can break the monopoly on political discourse otherwise held by politicians and the mass media.” They can bring vital issues to the fore and get politicians (out of fear) to address them. "緊急性、連帯し、紛争の好戦性を生成する能力として独特の政治的な通信の調和の動きです。 "少なくとも時間を簡単に、 "デモ行進、集会、ストライキやシャットダウンの独占に終止符を打つことができる開かれた政治的な談話を他の政治家やマスコミ。 "極めて重要な問題をもたらすことができます前面と政治家(アウトの恐怖)に対処することです。 Potential or actual “voter dissensus is the main source of movement influence on public policy.” It was true in the 1930s, again in the 1960s, and the latter victories inspired other movements for women’s rights, the disabled, gays, lesbians, and so forth. The Times-In-Between Unfortunately, disruptive movements are short-lived. After a few years they pass as politicians mount rollback initiatives when the pressure is off and they’re able to do it. New state constitutions stripped away hard-won abolitionist reforms. Labor rights underwent a gradual erosion after peaking in the 1930s. Union membership declined from a post-war 34.7% high. It was 16.8% after the Reagan era and is currently around 12% overall today but only 7.4% in the private sector. Social gains have also eroded, and now have Democrats as much against them as Republicans. Why so is the question? It’s because protest movements lose their energy when the reasons causing them subside. Further, it’s because internal movement dynamics are hard to sustain. They wane from exhaustion. Exhilaration can’t last forever. In addition, defiance entails costs and sacrifice. Strikers lose wages. Workers get fired. Plants relocate, and governments support business and sometimes with force. Protests also fade when gains are won. They always fall short and yet fail to embolden more action. Movement leaders also get co-opted, become more conciliatory to management, get more enmeshed in party politics, and sometimes run for office at federal, state or local levels. Dissensus has its limits. Inevitably, gains come at the expense of concessions, the movement runs out of energy, disruption ebbs, and hard-won reforms get rolled back. Nonetheless, these are glorious times in our history, momentous advances get achieved, and the lesson is that at other times for other reasons it can happen again. People in large numbers and with enough will have enormous power provided they use it. Nonetheless, it’s disconcerting that the Constitution was designed as a conservative document to protect what Michael Parenti calls “a rising bourgeoisie(’s)” freedom to “invest, speculate, trade, and accumulate,” and to assure that (as John Jay believed) “The people who own the country (ought) to run it.” After Reconstruction, Abolitionists lost out as well. Southern states regrouped, enacted new laws, and curbed the rights of newly freed blacks. The old planter class was gone but not its mentality. A new capitalist planter class replaced it, many from the North, and it proved easy for them to devise new ways to exploit cheap, vulnerable black labor. The Supreme Court went along much the way it does today. In a number of decisions, it rolled back civil rights gains, including enough of the Fourteenth Amendment to restore near-total white supremacy in the South. Its 1896 “separate but equal” Plessy ruling added insult to its 1857 Dred Scott support for slavery. Post-war, blacks were nominally free but light years from equality, and southern states intended to keep it that way. Property tests, poll taxes and literacy qualifications were imposed to enforce disenfranchisement. Jim Crow laws multiplied and lynchings became a way of life. Washington was dismissive. Labor also lost out in the post-New Deal years. What the NLRA gave, Taft-Hartley and other regressive laws took back. Labor got progressively weaker, its leadership became part of the problem, while business ascended to omnipotence with plenty of friendly governments on its side. Early on, workers hoped the Democrat Party would represent them. How could it in the conservative (anti-labor) South and, in the North, where big city bosses ran things. Over time, business took over and effectively created a one-party state with “two right wings,” as Gore Vidal explains. Post-WW II, Piven notes that America’s economic dominance was unchallenged for 25 years, so business opposition to New Deal gains was largely muted. But once Europe and Japan recovered, they became formidable competitors, profit margins got squeezed, and a conservative counterassault gained momentum to roll back earlier social gains. Piven cites four ways: – a “war of ideas” beginning in the early 1970s with the formation of a right wing “message machine” - corporate-funded think tanks like Cato, Hoover, Heritage and AEI; they preached cutting social programs, weakening unions, ending costly regulations, military spending, tough law enforcement, privatizing everything, and using the dominant media for propaganda; – building up a business lobbying capacity; “K Street” became a household term, and so is the “revolving door” arrangement between business and government; – the growth of right wing populism, “rooted in fundamentalist churches” as part of the powerful Christian Right; also pro-life, defense-of-marriage and gun groups, along with others opposed to progressive ideas, racial and sexual liberalism, and the notion that public welfare is a good thing and government ought to provide it; in their best of all possible worlds, markets work best so let them, and democracy is only for the priviliged; and – the effective merging of Republicans and Democrats into one pro-business party with each pretty much vying to outdo or outfox the other; it took Democrat Bill Clinton to “end welfare as we know it,” continue shifting more of the tax burden from the rich to workers, enact tough law enforcement measures, offer big giveaways to business, cut social benefits as much as Republicans, and pretty much make the 1990s a new golden age for Wall Street and the privileged. James Petras calls the decade “the golden age of pillage.” George Bush then took over and went Clinton whole new measures better - declaring open warfare on workers, waging real wars on the world, enacting repressive police state laws, surrendering unconditionally to business, smashing every social service in sight, desecrating the environment, pretty much acting as despotic and vicious as the worst third world dictators, and getting away with it. Since the early 1970s, and especially since Ronald Reagan, most notable in Piven’s mind is “the striking rise in wealth and income inequality” that economist Paul Krugman calls “unprecedented.” Moreover, “as wealth concentration grows, so does the arrogance and power that it yields to the wealth-holders to continue to bend government policies to their own interests.” With business so omnipotent, government as its handmaiden, the scale of corruption extreme, the electoral process so flawed, it makes the task of redressing social gains lost formidable but not impossible. Epilogue Given the state of things, Piven poses the essential question - is another “popular upheaval” possible? She calls this “the big question for our time.” Nothing is certain or simple, but historically “hardship propels people to collective defiance,” especially in times of extreme inequalities of wealth. The current American era is the most extreme ever, so how long will people tolerate the decline in their standard of living as the rich grow richer and multi-billions go wars without end. How does the Bush administration respond - with a dominant media “message machine” touting an “ownership society,” scaring people to accept the outlandish and fraudulent “war on terror,” blaming victims for their own misfortune, letting (Christian) faith-based groups take over welfare, preaching God and markets solve everything, and calling a lack of patriotism the equivalent of treason. Piven, nonetheless, is hopeful. Independent polls show Bush’s approval at record lows as well as a large majority opposing the Iraq war. In addition, she sees “an intimate connection between what people think is possible in politics and what they think is right.” Popular aspirations tend to rise for what people believe is “evident” and “reach(able).” So she asks: “What, then, are the prospects for the emergence of new social movements that mobilize disruptive power?” Global justice demonstrations in Seattle and around the world aren’t enough. Much more is needed. Labor must become resurgent, but it’s no simple matter doing it and without committed leadership impossible. Yet it happened in the 1930s at a time of great need, and Piven suggests that “Maybe workers need to see the possibility of worker power again.” Activists and organizers must concentrate on “developing and demonstrating power strategies” for a “new economy” that’s increasingly service-based, high-tech and global. Millions still live here, their standard of living is declining, business pretty much has it all, and it’s high time that changed. People have power but only if they use it. New times need “new forms of political action, new ‘repertoires’ that extend across borders and tap the chokepoints of new systems of production (and governance)” where they’re most vulnerable to mass disruption. Piven closes by saying that history shows that “collective defiance” and its subsequent “disruption” have “always been essential to the preservation of democracy.” It’s no different today than it’s ever been, and that’s an idea to build on. See More: Stephen Lendman ÂHave Your Say: ‘Challenging Authority’ Please note, only selected comments will be published. Or discuss this report in our our new forums 2 Responses to “‘Challenging Authority’”
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Excellent article, the only problem is the people, some call it apathy, others indifference.
The fact is that if the present day population had been around in 1939 we all be singing Deutschland Über Alles! Give them their Beer, TV and throw a few pennies at them and they’ll pretend it isn’t happening.
Virtually every war and incidence of human misery has been caused by politicians, their corporate masters and their greed. So when will people stand up to be counted?
Governments have succeeded in convincing people that they can do nothing. It doesn’t require violence, people must learn to use their votes tactically, get rid of the rotten Politicians and replace them with men and women of substance.
The next stage is to remove power from the Blair’s, Brown’s and Bush’s of this world and instigate Direct Democracy, the right of referenda, put the power back with the people.
The Swiss did it and whilst their system isn’t perfect, it is a lot better than any other Governmental system.
Politicians can’t be trusted with unfettered power, this is why the EU is so dangerous.