Big Brother Goes Auto大哥哥，雲汽車
The threat of cameras combined with artificial intelligence 威脅相機結合人工智能
By Mike Elgan由邁克elgan
Privacy activists have been lamenting increasing surveillance by cameras and warn of abuse by authorities who have access to them.隱私活動家一直哀嘆越來越多的監視攝影機，並警告濫用當局曾與他們接觸。 But two additional trends portend a disturbing new direction.但另外兩個趨勢，預示著一種令人不安的新的方向。
The first trend: Cameras are increasingly monitoring noncriminals engaged in technically legal behavior.第一個趨勢：相機正日益監測noncriminals從事技術上是合法行為。 The second trend: Special new artificial intelligence software is processing video feeds to look for unacceptable behavior.第二個趨勢：特別新的人工智能軟件，是加工影片內容，以尋找不可接受的行為。
The machines are watching us, and they are making judgments about what we do.機器是在注視著我們，他們正作出判斷，我們做什麼。
Another way of looking at these colliding trends is that we are beginning to offload the human capacity for ethics, morality and good citizenship to computer systems.從另一個角度看，這些碰撞的趨勢是，我們正開始卸載人力資源能力為倫理，道德和良好公民的計算機系統。 At the very least, these systems are replacing the traditional role of the nosy neighbor.在最低限度，這些系統正在取代傳統的角色，以及八卦鄰邦。
So much for the honor system 這麼多榮譽制度
Troy University, which is based in Alabama but has about 11,000 online students worldwide, plans to unveil a new system this fall for catching students who cheat during online tests.特洛伊大學，這是總部設在阿拉巴馬州，但有大約11000名學生在網上世界各地，計劃推出一項新的制度，這屬於追趕學生作弊，在網上試驗。 The system is made by Cambridge, Mass.-based Software Secure Inc. and costs each student $125.該系統是由馬薩諸塞州劍橋市為基礎的軟件安全公司及費用每位學生125元。
Fingerprint authentication assures that only the registered student (rather than a smarter friend) is actually taking a test.指紋認證系統，保證只有註冊學生（而不是一個聰明的朋友） ，其實是一個考驗。 Special software enables the school to lock the student’s computer so he can’t search for answers locally or even online.特殊的軟件，讓學校來鎖定該學生的電腦，所以他不能尋求答案，在本地或什至網上。 A peripheral device contains a microphone and a camera pointed up at a ball with a mirror surface, which gives the camera a 360-degree view.外圍器件包含一個麥克風和一個攝像頭指出了一個球，以鏡面，讓攝影機360度的視角。 The audio and video is sent over the Internet for “processing” — and that’s where things get really interesting.音頻和視頻是通過互聯網發送，為"處理" -這對那裡得到的東西，真有趣。
Software listens to the audio and watches the video and flags any suspicious noises or movements.軟件聽命於音頻及手錶視頻和旗幟任何可疑的聲響或動作。 School officials or instructors can then check the flagged portions of the feeds and decide whether cheating has taken place.學校官員或教練可然後查看標註的部分飼料，並決定是否作弊確已發生。
Software Secure is marketing the system to a wide range of schools and testing organizations that administer tests.軟件安全是市場營銷體系，以廣泛的學校和測試的組織管理的考驗。
What’s really going on here? 什麼是真正回事？
Surveillance cameras for catching crooks have existed for decades in banks, jewelry stores, liquor stores and other locations where robberies are likely.監視攝影機追趕竊賊已經存在了幾十年，在銀行，珠寶店，酒店及其他地點的搶劫可能。 Usually, the recorded footage is reviewed only after crimes have taken place.在通常情況下，所錄得的畫面是只審查後，犯罪行為的發生。 In recent years, “red light” cameras have been deployed as nonhuman witnesses to moving traffic violations.近年來， "紅燈"相機已被部署作為非人證人行車的行為。 Police in some cities set up cameras on streets, so if a crime is reported, they can check the footage.警方在一些城市成立了相機在街上，因此，如果犯罪報導，他們可以查看錄像。 Airport security areas, Las Vegas casinos, stadiums and other public venues are certain to contain surveillance cameras to catch criminals.機場的安全區，拉斯維加斯賭場，體育場館和其他公共場所也一定含有監視攝像頭捕捉罪犯。
The Software Secure anticheating system would be merely interesting and novel if it weren’t part of a growing trend in which software watches noncriminals to enforce ethics, morality and good citizenship, not felony laws.軟件安全anticheating系統將僅僅是有趣和新穎的，如果不是的一個組成部分，越來越多的趨勢，這就是軟件的手錶noncriminals執行倫理，道德和良好公民，而不是重罪法律。 Here are more examples.這裡有更多的例子。
The Weymouth and Portland Borough Council in Dorset, England, plans to hide surveillance cameras in trash bins to make sure residents put bins in the right place at the right time.該威矛斯北和波特蘭自治區議會在多塞特，英格蘭，計劃隱藏監視攝影機在垃圾桶，以確保居民投入回收箱，在適當的地點，在適當的時候。 These “這些" TrashCams trashcams ” will enable town officials to issue tickets and fines of up to 10,000 pounds to residents who put bins in the wrong spot or outside the scheduled pickup hours. " ，使城市的官員發出告票及罰款高達10000英鎊的居民把回收箱，在錯誤的現貨或境外預定皮卡小時。
An Illinois school district伊利諾伊州的學區 fired a custodian發射保管人 two weeks ago for exceeding his break time based on evidence gathered by a hidden video surveillance camera in the teachers’ lounge.兩個星期前，為超越了他的休息時間，根據蒐集到的證據所隱藏的視頻監控攝像機在教師休息室。
Schools are increasingly installing cameras to學校正日益安裝攝像機 spy on students窺視學生 . 。 The stated reasons include the prosecution of crimes likely to occur at a school such as vandalism and theft, but the cameras also can be used to enforce school rules such as tardiness, truancy and running in the halls.闡明的原因包括起訴的罪行可能出現在一所學校，如故意破壞和盜竊，但攝影機，也可以用來執行學校的規則，如遲到，曠課和運行在會堂。
How that slippery slope works 如何在濕滑的斜坡工程
Is it a good idea to put cameras everywhere to punish noncriminal behavior?是不是一個好主意，把相機到處去懲治noncriminal行為？ Most people would say no.大多數人都會說沒有。 So how does it happen?那麼它是怎樣發生的？ It starts with justifying the use of surveillance and then reinforcing the decision, often in the following sequence:它始於有理由使用的監視和加固，然後決定，而且往往是在順序如下：
1. 1 。 Dramatic fears are used for justification.戲劇性的恐懼是用來理由。 Terrorism and violent crime — such as big, horrifying news events like Columbine and恐怖主義和暴力犯罪-如大，觸目驚心的新聞事件一樣，美國明尼蘇達州和 Virginia Tech弗吉尼亞理工大學 — are trotted out by people in charge of security to justify cameras everywhere. -拋出了由企業負責人的安全理由攝影機無處不在。
2. 2 。 Cost is another justification.成本是另一個理由。 Cash-strapped school districts and other organizations think that cameras can save money.現金拮据的學校周邊地區和其他組織認為攝影機，可以節省資金。 It’s cheaper to install 20 cameras and hire one guard than it is to hire 20 guards.它的便宜，安裝20個攝像機，並聘請了一名警衛比則是聘請20警衛。
3. 3 。 When big events do happen on camera, it’s news.當盛大的活動，有這樣的事情，在鏡頭前，它的新聞。 We hear about most of the high-profile, true-crime, happy-ending events where a real crook is busted with the help of a camera and then brought to justice.我們聽到最多的高姿態，真正的罪惡，美滿結局的事件而一個真正的騙子，是打掉借助照相機，然後繩之以法。 These stories build our comfort level with ubiquitous surveillance and strengthen the hand of those who want cameras watching everyone, all the time.這些故事把我國建設舒適程度與無所不在的監控，並加強手部的那些想攝影機觀看每個人，所有的時間。
4. 4 。 Most of the activity caught on tape is noncriminal.大部分的活動甚囂塵上磁帶是noncriminal 。 Once the cameras are installed, the big events almost never happen — but the cameras are recording everyone anyway.一旦攝像機安裝完畢後，盛大的活動，幾乎是絕對不可能的事情-但攝影機，記錄每個人反正。
5. 5 。 There they are in black and white (and, increasingly, in color): People doing rude things, bending or breaking minor rules, abusing privileges, cheating, disturbing others, cussing, spitting, cutting in line, using profane hand gestures.因此，他們在黑與白（和越來越多的，在彩色） ：人做粗魯的事情，彎曲或輕微打破規則，濫用特權，作弊，擾亂別人， cussing ，隨地吐痰，切割線，用世俗的手勢。
6. 6 。 The moment of truth comes: What to do about it?真理的時刻來了：該怎麼辦？ Next thing you know, organizations start taking action on every transgression, even when no law has been broken.未來的事，你也知道，組織開始採取行動，在每一個海侵，即使在沒有任何法律已被打破。
On the one hand, there’s nothing wrong with people getting caught for being unkind, unethical, using profanity, chewing gum in class, littering and other minor but unpleasant actions.在一方面，有沒有什麼不妥的人被抓，被無情的，是不道德的，用褻瀆，口香糖在課堂上，亂拋垃圾及其他未成年人，但不愉快的行動。 On the other hand, do we want to live in a world where cameras and computers watch our every move and report every minor transgression?在另一方面，我們希望生活在這樣一個世界上攝像機和電腦觀看我們的一舉一動，並提出報告，每小侵？ Are we heading toward a system where fines are issued on the spot for profanity, like in the 1993 Sylvester Stallone movie Demolition Man ?是我們走向制度下，罰款也發出了對現貨為褻瀆，像在1993年的史泰龍電影拆遷人嗎？
Are we moving to a society where right and wrong is synonymous with “caught on tape” or “not caught on tape”?難道我們感動的社會裡，正確和錯誤的，就是"陷入在磁帶上的"或"不捲入錄音帶" ？ Has anyone even noticed that we’re sliding down this slippery slope?有沒有人，甚至看到，我們正在往下滑，這種滑坡？
We need to watch the watchers 我們需要觀察觀察家
The new surveillance technology is impressive and can help counter major crimes and terrorist acts, and save lives.新的監測技術，是令人印象深刻，並能幫助對付重大犯罪和恐怖行為，並拯救生命。 But less impressive are our rules, guidelines and restrictions on the growing use of cameras and artificial intelligence to monitor minor crimes and noncriminal activity.但不足令人印象深刻的是我們的規則，指導原則和限制越來越多地使用照相機和人工智能監察輕微犯罪和noncriminal活動。
Each individual case can be justified, but there can be no justification for us to blindly slouch toward an Orwellian society in which computer software is employed to watch and judge everyone — and expose, record and punish every minor transgression.個別情況，可以合理的，但沒有任何理由可以讓我們盲目slouch走向奧威爾式的社會中，計算機軟件是受僱於觀看和判斷每個人-揭穿，記錄和懲治每一個輕微的海侵。
We shouldn’t try to replace etiquette, good manners, personal ethics and morality with cybercops.我們不應該試圖取代禮儀，禮貌，個人的倫理道德與網路。 The old-fashioned social controls aren’t perfect — certainly not as perfect as computer-enhanced controls can be — and that’s precisely why we can live with them.那些守舊的社會控制是不完美-當然不是完美的電腦-增強的控制，可以穩定-這正是為什麼我們可以同住。
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