Big Brother Goes Auto大哥哥，云汽车
The threat of cameras combined with artificial intelligence 威胁相机结合人工智能
By Mike Elgan由迈克elgan
Privacy activists have been lamenting increasing surveillance by cameras and warn of abuse by authorities who have access to them.隐私活动家一直哀叹越来越多的监视摄影机，并警告滥用当局曾与他们接触。 But two additional trends portend a disturbing new direction.但另外两个趋势，预示着一种令人不安的新的方向。
The first trend: Cameras are increasingly monitoring noncriminals engaged in technically legal behavior.第一个趋势：相机正日益监测noncriminals从事技术上是合法行为。 The second trend: Special new artificial intelligence software is processing video feeds to look for unacceptable behavior.第二个趋势：特别新的人工智能软件，是加工影片内容，以寻找不可接受的行为。
The machines are watching us, and they are making judgments about what we do.机器是在注视着我们，他们正作出判断，我们做什么。
Another way of looking at these colliding trends is that we are beginning to offload the human capacity for ethics, morality and good citizenship to computer systems.从另一个角度看，这些碰撞的趋势是，我们正开始卸载人力资源能力为伦理，道德和良好公民的计算机系统。 At the very least, these systems are replacing the traditional role of the nosy neighbor.在最低限度，这些系统正在取代传统的角色，以及八卦邻邦。
So much for the honor system 这么多荣誉制度
Troy University, which is based in Alabama but has about 11,000 online students worldwide, plans to unveil a new system this fall for catching students who cheat during online tests.特洛伊大学，这是总部设在阿拉巴马州，但有大约11000名学生在网上世界各地，计划推出一项新的制度，这属于追赶学生作弊，在网上试验。 The system is made by Cambridge, Mass.-based Software Secure Inc. and costs each student $125.该系统是由马萨诸塞州剑桥市为基础的软件安全公司及费用每位学生125元。
Fingerprint authentication assures that only the registered student (rather than a smarter friend) is actually taking a test.指纹认证系统，保证只有注册学生（而不是一个聪明的朋友） ，其实是一个考验。 Special software enables the school to lock the student’s computer so he can’t search for answers locally or even online.特殊的软件，让学校来锁定该学生的电脑，所以他不能寻求答案，在本地或什至网上。 A peripheral device contains a microphone and a camera pointed up at a ball with a mirror surface, which gives the camera a 360-degree view.外围器件包含一个麦克风和一个摄像头指出了一个球，以镜面，让摄影机360度的视角。 The audio and video is sent over the Internet for “processing” — and that’s where things get really interesting.音频和视频是通过互联网发送，为"处理" -这对那里得到的东西，真有趣。
Software listens to the audio and watches the video and flags any suspicious noises or movements.软件听命于音频及手表视频和旗帜任何可疑的声响或动作。 School officials or instructors can then check the flagged portions of the feeds and decide whether cheating has taken place.学校官员或教练可然后查看标注的部分饲料，并决定是否作弊确已发生。
Software Secure is marketing the system to a wide range of schools and testing organizations that administer tests.软件安全是市场营销体系，以广泛的学校和测试的组织管理的考验。
What’s really going on here? 什么是真正回事？
Surveillance cameras for catching crooks have existed for decades in banks, jewelry stores, liquor stores and other locations where robberies are likely.监视摄影机追赶窃贼已经存在了几十年，在银行，珠宝店，酒店及其他地点的抢劫可能。 Usually, the recorded footage is reviewed only after crimes have taken place.在通常情况下，所录得的画面是只审查后，犯罪行为的发生。 In recent years, “red light” cameras have been deployed as nonhuman witnesses to moving traffic violations.近年来， "红灯"相机已被部署作为非人证人行车的行为。 Police in some cities set up cameras on streets, so if a crime is reported, they can check the footage.警方在一些城市成立了相机在街上，因此，如果犯罪报道，他们可以查看录像。 Airport security areas, Las Vegas casinos, stadiums and other public venues are certain to contain surveillance cameras to catch criminals.机场的安全区，拉斯维加斯赌场，体育场馆和其他公共场所也一定含有监视摄像头捕捉罪犯。
The Software Secure anticheating system would be merely interesting and novel if it weren’t part of a growing trend in which software watches noncriminals to enforce ethics, morality and good citizenship, not felony laws.软件安全anticheating系统将仅仅是有趣和新颖的，如果不是的一个组成部分，越来越多的趋势，这就是软件的手表noncriminals执行伦理，道德和良好公民，而不是重罪法律。 Here are more examples.这里有更多的例子。
The Weymouth and Portland Borough Council in Dorset, England, plans to hide surveillance cameras in trash bins to make sure residents put bins in the right place at the right time.该威矛斯北和波特兰自治区议会在多塞特，英格兰，计划隐藏监视摄影机在垃圾桶，以确保居民投入回收箱，在适当的地点，在适当的时候。 These “这些" TrashCams trashcams ” will enable town officials to issue tickets and fines of up to 10,000 pounds to residents who put bins in the wrong spot or outside the scheduled pickup hours. " ，使城市的官员发出告票及罚款高达10000英镑的居民把回收箱，在错误的现货或境外预定皮卡小时。
An Illinois school district伊利诺伊州的学区 fired a custodian发射保管人 two weeks ago for exceeding his break time based on evidence gathered by a hidden video surveillance camera in the teachers’ lounge.两个星期前，为超越了他的休息时间，根据搜集到的证据所隐藏的视频监控摄像机在教师休息室。
Schools are increasingly installing cameras to学校正日益安装摄像机 spy on students窥视学生 . 。 The stated reasons include the prosecution of crimes likely to occur at a school such as vandalism and theft, but the cameras also can be used to enforce school rules such as tardiness, truancy and running in the halls.阐明的原因包括起诉的罪行可能出现在一所学校，如故意破坏和盗窃，但摄影机，也可以用来执行学校的规则，如迟到，旷课和运行在会堂。
How that slippery slope works 如何在湿滑的斜坡工程
Is it a good idea to put cameras everywhere to punish noncriminal behavior?是不是一个好主意，把相机到处去惩治noncriminal行为？ Most people would say no.大多数人都会说没有。 So how does it happen?那么它是怎样发生的？ It starts with justifying the use of surveillance and then reinforcing the decision, often in the following sequence:它始于有理由使用的监视和加固，然后决定，而且往往是在顺序如下：
1. 1 。 Dramatic fears are used for justification.戏剧性的恐惧是用来理由。 Terrorism and violent crime — such as big, horrifying news events like Columbine and恐怖主义和暴力犯罪-如大，触目惊心的新闻事件一样，美国明尼苏达州和 Virginia Tech弗吉尼亚理工大学 — are trotted out by people in charge of security to justify cameras everywhere. -抛出了由企业负责人的安全理由摄影机无处不在。
2. 2 。 Cost is another justification.成本是另一个理由。 Cash-strapped school districts and other organizations think that cameras can save money.现金拮据的学校周边地区和其他组织认为摄影机，可以节省资金。 It’s cheaper to install 20 cameras and hire one guard than it is to hire 20 guards.它的便宜，安装20个摄像机，并聘请了一名警卫比则是聘请20警卫。
3. 3 。 When big events do happen on camera, it’s news.当盛大的活动，有这样的事情，在镜头前，它的新闻。 We hear about most of the high-profile, true-crime, happy-ending events where a real crook is busted with the help of a camera and then brought to justice.我们听到最多的高姿态，真正的罪恶，美满结局的事件而一个真正的骗子，是打掉借助照相机，然后绳之以法。 These stories build our comfort level with ubiquitous surveillance and strengthen the hand of those who want cameras watching everyone, all the time.这些故事把我国建设舒适程度与无所不在的监控，并加强手部的那些想摄影机观看每个人，所有的时间。
4. 4 。 Most of the activity caught on tape is noncriminal.大部分的活动甚嚣尘上磁带是noncriminal 。 Once the cameras are installed, the big events almost never happen — but the cameras are recording everyone anyway.一旦摄像机安装完毕后，盛大的活动，几乎是绝对不可能的事情-但摄影机，记录每个人反正。
5. 5 。 There they are in black and white (and, increasingly, in color): People doing rude things, bending or breaking minor rules, abusing privileges, cheating, disturbing others, cussing, spitting, cutting in line, using profane hand gestures.因此，他们在黑与白（和越来越多的，在彩色） ：人做粗鲁的事情，弯曲或轻微打破规则，滥用特权，作弊，扰乱别人， cussing ，随地吐痰，切割线，用世俗的手势。
6. 6 。 The moment of truth comes: What to do about it?真理的时刻来了：该怎么办？ Next thing you know, organizations start taking action on every transgression, even when no law has been broken.未来的事，你也知道，组织开始采取行动，在每一个海侵，即使在没有任何法律已被打破。
On the one hand, there’s nothing wrong with people getting caught for being unkind, unethical, using profanity, chewing gum in class, littering and other minor but unpleasant actions.在一方面，有没有什么不妥的人被抓，被无情的，是不道德的，用亵渎，口香糖在课堂上，乱抛垃圾及其他未成年人，但不愉快的行动。 On the other hand, do we want to live in a world where cameras and computers watch our every move and report every minor transgression?在另一方面，我们希望生活在这样一个世界上摄像机和电脑观看我们的一举一动，并提出报告，每小侵？ Are we heading toward a system where fines are issued on the spot for profanity, like in the 1993 Sylvester Stallone movie Demolition Man ?是我们走向制度下，罚款也发出了对现货为亵渎，像在1993年的史泰龙电影拆迁人吗？
Are we moving to a society where right and wrong is synonymous with “caught on tape” or “not caught on tape”?难道我们感动的社会里，正确和错误的，就是"陷入在磁带上的"或"不卷入录音带" ？ Has anyone even noticed that we’re sliding down this slippery slope?有没有人，甚至看到，我们正在往下滑，这种滑坡？
We need to watch the watchers 我们需要观察观察家
The new surveillance technology is impressive and can help counter major crimes and terrorist acts, and save lives.新的监测技术，是令人印象深刻，并能帮助对付重大犯罪和恐怖行为，并拯救生命。 But less impressive are our rules, guidelines and restrictions on the growing use of cameras and artificial intelligence to monitor minor crimes and noncriminal activity.但不足令人印象深刻的是我们的规则，指导原则和限制越来越多地使用照相机和人工智能监察轻微犯罪和noncriminal活动。
Each individual case can be justified, but there can be no justification for us to blindly slouch toward an Orwellian society in which computer software is employed to watch and judge everyone — and expose, record and punish every minor transgression.个别情况，可以合理的，但没有任何理由可以让我们盲目slouch走向奥威尔式的社会中，计算机软件是受雇于观看和判断每个人-揭穿，记录和惩治每一个轻微的海侵。
We shouldn’t try to replace etiquette, good manners, personal ethics and morality with cybercops.我们不应该试图取代礼仪，礼貌，个人的伦理道德与网路。 The old-fashioned social controls aren’t perfect — certainly not as perfect as computer-enhanced controls can be — and that’s precisely why we can live with them.那些守旧的社会控制是不完美-当然不是完美的电脑-增强的控制，可以稳定-这正是为什么我们可以同住。
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