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 | Translate: 翻譯：               Lest We Forget: Could the First World War Have Been Stopped?以免我們忘記：可以第一次世界大戰已停止？ Thursday, November 13th, 2008 星期四， 08年十一月13日 By通過 George Monbiot喬治Monbiot | Like most people of my generation, I grew up with a mystery.如同大多數人的我這一代，我成長起來的一個謎。 I felt I understood the Second World War.我覺得我理解了第二次世界大戰。 The attempt to dominate and destroy, to eliminate the people of other races — though raised to unprecedented levels by the Nazis — is a familiar historical theme.在試圖主宰和銷毀，以消除人民的其他比賽-雖然提高到前所未有的程度由納粹-是一個人們熟悉的歷史主題。 The need to stop Hitler was absolute, and the dreadful sacrifices of the Second World War were unavoidable.必須停止希特勒是絕對的，可怕的犧牲，第二次世界大戰是不可避免的。 But the First World War, which ended 90 years ago today, seemed incomprehensible.但是，第一次世界大戰結束， 90年前的今天，似乎不可思議。 The class interests of the men sent to kill each other were the same.在階級利益的男子送往互相殘殺都是一樣的。 While Germany was clearly the aggressor, the outlook of the opposing powers — seeking to expand their colonies and to dominate European trade was not wildly different.雖然德國顯然是侵略者，前景對立的權力-尋求擴大其殖民地統治歐洲的貿易是沒有什麼太大的區別。 Ugly as the German state was, no one could characterize the war at its outbreak — with Tsarist Russia on the side of the Entente Powers — as a simple struggle between democracy and dictatorship.醜陋的國家是德國，沒有人能描述戰爭的爆發-與沙俄一方的協約國-作為一個簡單的鬥爭，民主與獨裁統治。 Neither did this resemble the current war in Iraq, in which legislators send the children of another class to die.也沒有這個類似於目前的伊拉克戰爭，其中立法會議員發送的兒童另一類死亡。 The chances of being killed were at least five times higher for men who had been students at Oxford or Cambridge in 1914 than they were for manual workers.的機會被打死至少5倍的男子誰了學生在牛津或劍橋在1914年超過他們的地盤工人。 1 1 The First World War was an act of social cannibalism, in which statesmen and generals on both sides murdered their own offspring.第一次世界大戰是一種社會行為，食，其中的政治家和將軍雙方殺害自己的後代。 How could it have happened?怎麼可能不發生？ On July 1st 1999, consumed by the urge to understand the war before the century was over, I visited Thiepval on the Somme. 7月1日1999年，消費的慾望，了解戰爭前的世紀已經結束，我訪問了Thiepval的索姆河。 This was the anniversary of the first great attack on the German salients, which caused devastating losses for British and Irish troops.這是週年的第一個偉大的攻擊德國salients ，造成毀滅性的損失，英國和愛爾蘭的部隊。 Men carrying flutes and dressed in orange sashes — commemorating the Ulster Division — paced about.男子攜帶長笛和身穿橙色的旗幟-紀念阿爾斯特司-節奏有關。 Beneath the arches of the Lutyens memorial a circle of evangelical Christians hugged and screamed and ululated, while a little boy dressed in combat gear played around their legs with a plastic machine-gun.牌樓底下的Lutyens紀念一個圓圈的福音派基督徒擁抱和尖叫， ululated ，而一個小男孩穿著打擊齒輪發揮他們的腿周圍的塑料機槍。 I goggled at the names on the monument — the 73,000 commemorate only the British and South Africans who fell on the Somme and whose bodies were not recovered — but I couldn’t grasp the scale of what I saw.本人在goggled上的姓名的紀念碑-紀念的7 .30萬只，英國和南非落在誰的索姆河，其屍體沒有恢復-但我無法掌握的規模，我所看到。 Dizzied by these conflicting sights, unable to connect, I wandered behind the old German lines and into a field of sugar beet. Dizzied這些相互矛盾的景點，無法連接，我徘徊落後的舊線和德國成為一個領域的甜菜。 Walking between the rows, trying to clear my head, I noticed a spherical pebble.散步之間的行，試圖清理我的頭，我發現一種球形鵝卵石。 I picked it up.我挑選了。 It was strangely heavy.這是奇怪的沉重。 Then I looked around and saw that the field was covered with the same odd little balls.然後我環顧四周，看到外地上覆蓋著相同的奇數小球。 Almost every stone was in fact metal.幾乎所有的石頭實際上是金屬。 Within a minute I picked up more grapeshot than I could hold.在一分鐘我拿起更多的霰彈比我可以擱置。 I found shell casings, twisted bullets, fragments of barbed wire, chips of armor plating.我發現彈殼，子彈扭曲，片段的鐵絲網，芯片裝甲電鍍。 I stopped, overwhelmed by shock and recognition.我停下來，淹沒在震驚和承認。 It was a field of lead and steel; and every piece had been manufactured to kill someone.這是一個領域的領導和鋼;及每件製成品已經殺死人。 There are plenty of words to describe the horrors of World War Two.有很多詞來描述恐怖的二次世界大戰。 But there were none, as far as I could discover, that captured the character of the First World War.但是，什麼都沒有，就我可以發現，被俘的性質第一次世界大戰。 So I constructed one from the Greek word ephebos, a young man of fighting age.所以，我建一個來自希臘字ephebos ，一名年輕男子的戰鬥時代。 Ephebicide is the wanton mass slaughter of the young by the old. Ephebicide是肆無忌憚的大規模屠殺的年輕的老。 But how did it happen, and why?但是，它是怎麼發生的，為什麼？ In his fascinating book The Last Great War, published a fortnight ago, Adrian Gregory shows that the notion that Britain was carried to war on a wave of patriotic enthusiasm is false.在他迷人的書最後的偉大戰爭中，出版了一兩星期前，阿德里安表明，格里高利的概念，英國進行戰爭的浪潮的愛國熱情是虛假的。 2 二 The crowds that gathered around Buckingham Palace and in Downing Street when war was declared seem to have been more curious than excited.人群聚集在白金漢宮和唐寧街時，被宣布為戰爭似乎已不是更奇怪的興奮。 Most people appear to have greeted the war with resignation or dismay.大多數人似乎已經迎來了戰爭辭職或沮喪。 Nor does voluntary enlistment provide clear evidence of enthusiasm.也不自願入伍提供明確證據的熱情。 It is true that some wanted to fight, and others saw war as a more exciting prospect that working in a dead-end office job.確實，一些想作鬥爭，和其他人看到戰爭，更令人振奮的前景，在一條死胡同辦公室工作。 3 三 But Gregory shows that voluntarism wasn’t all that it seemed.但格雷戈里表明，志願服務是不是所有的，它似乎。 For many men fighting was the only employment on offer.對於許多男人的戰鬥是唯一的就業機會提供。 The largest numbers volunteered not at the very beginning of war, but after the disaster at Mons on August 24th, when it became clear that there was a genuine threat to national defense.最多的自願而不是在一開始的戰爭，但經過這場災難在蒙斯的8月24日，當人們清楚地看到，有一個真正的威脅國防。 4 四 The speed with which the war began and Britain joined made effective resistance impossible to organize.加快了戰爭開始和英國加入了有效的抵抗組織不可能。 By the time the anti-war meetings had been called, it was too late.的時候，反戰會議上已呼籲，但為時已晚。 And by then there was a genuine need to stop Germany.和當時有一個真正需要停止德國。 It was as rational to seek to curtail German expansionism in August 1914 as it was in September 1939.這是合理，力求遏制德國的擴張在1914年8月，因為它是在1939年9月。 But the narratives, like Gregory’s, which suggest that World War One was inevitable begin late in the sequence of events.但說明，像格里高利的，這表明，第二次世界大戰是不可避免的一個年底開始的一系列事件。 5 五 Another anniversary, almost forgotten in this country, falls tomorrow.另一個週年之際，幾乎被人遺忘在這個國家，屬於明天。 On November 12th 1924, Edmund Dene Morel died.在24年十一月十二日，埃德蒙Dene毛磊死亡。 Morel had been a shipping clerk, based in Liverpool and Antwerp, who had noticed, in the late 1890s, that while ships belonging to King Leopold were returning from the Congo to Belgium full of ivory, rubber and other goods, they were departing with nothing but soldiers and ammunition.毛磊了航運辦事員，總部設在利物浦和安特衛普，誰也注意到，在19世紀90年代後期，雖然船舶屬於國王利奧波德返回從剛果到比利時充分的象牙，橡膠和其他物品，他們沒有離開同但士兵和彈藥。 He realized that Leopold’s colony must be a slave state, and launched an astonishing and ultimately successful effort to break the king’s grip.他意識到，利奧波德的殖民地必須是一個奴隸狀態，並發起了一項驚人的，並最終成功地努力打破國王的抓地力。 6 6日 For a while he became a national hero.有一段時間，他成為了民族英雄。 A few years later he became a national villain.幾年後他成為國家的惡棍。 During his Congo campaign, Morel had become extremely suspicious of the secret diplomacy pursued by the British foreign office.在剛果運動，毛磊已成為極其可疑的秘密外交追求的英國外交辦公室。 In 1911, he showed how a secret understanding between Britain and France over the control of Morocco, followed by a campaign in the British press based on misleading foreign office briefings, had stitched up Germany and very nearly caused a European war.在1911年，他演示了如何秘密之間的了解英國和法國的控制權，摩洛哥，其次是運動在英國新聞界的基礎上誤導性的外交官員介紹，已經縫合了德國和幾乎引起了歐洲戰爭。 7 7日 In February 1912 he warned that “no greater disaster could befall both peoples [Britain and Germany], and all that is most worthy of preservation in modern civilization, than a war between them.”在1912年2月他警告說， “沒有更大的災難可能降臨兩國人民[英國和德國] ，以及所有最值得保存的現代文明，不是他們之間的戰爭。 ” 8 8日 Convinced that Britain had struck a second secret agreement with France that would drag us into any war which involved Russia, he campaigned for such treaties to be made public; for recognition that Germany had been hoodwinked over Morocco and for the British government to seek to broker a reconciliation between France and Germany.深信英國一個秘密協議第二次與法國將拖累我們進入任何戰爭涉及俄羅斯，他競選這樣的條約，以公開;承認，德國已經蒙蔽了摩洛哥和英國政府尋求經紀人之間的和解法國和德國。 In response British ministers lied.在回答英國的部長們撒謊。 The prime minister and the foreign secretary repeatedly denied that there was any secret agreement with France.首相和外交大臣一再否認有任何秘密協議與法國。 9 9日 Only on the day before war was declared did the foreign secretary admit that a treaty had been in place since 1906.只有在戰爭的前一天被宣布為沒有外交大臣承認，一條約已在1906年以來發生。 It ensured that Britain would have to fight from the moment Russia mobilized.它保證，英國將不得不戰鬥的時刻從俄羅斯動員。 Morel continued to oppose the war and became, until his dramatic rehabilitation after 1918, one of the most reviled men in Britain.莫雷爾繼續反對戰爭，並成為，直到他康復後，戲劇性的1918年，一個最唾罵男子在英國。 Could the Great War have been averted if, in 1911, the British government had done as Morel suggested?可大戰爭已經避免，如果在1911年，英國政府已經為毛磊建議？ No one knows, as no such attempt was made.沒有人知道，因為沒有這樣的嘗試。 Far from seeking to broker a European peace, Britain, pursuing its self-interested diplomatic intrigues, helped to make war more likely.遠東尋求促成歐洲的和平，英國，追求自我利益的外交陰謀，有助於使戰爭更有可能。 Germany was the aggressor; but the image of affronted virtue cultivated by Britain was a false one.德國是侵略者，但形象的affronted憑藉培育的英國是一個錯誤之一。 Faced, earlier in the century, with the possibilities of peace, the old men of Europe had decided that they would rather kill their children than change their policies.面對早些時候，在新的世紀，隨著和平的可能性，舊的歐洲男子已經決定，他們寧願殺死他們的孩子比改變他們的政策。 Have Your Say: Lest We Forget: Could the First World War Have Been Stopped? 你說：以免我們忘記：可以第一次世界大戰已停止？ Please read our請仔細閱讀我們的 posting guidelines before posting張貼在發布前的指導方針 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以討論這份報告在這裡 . 。 Related News 相關新聞
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