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 | Translate: 翻译：               Lest We Forget: Could the First World War Have Been Stopped?以免我们忘记：可以第一次世界大战已停止？ Thursday, November 13th, 2008 星期四， 08年十一月13日 By通过 George Monbiot乔治Monbiot | Like most people of my generation, I grew up with a mystery.如同大多数人的我这一代，我成长起来的一个谜。 I felt I understood the Second World War.我觉得我理解了第二次世界大战。 The attempt to dominate and destroy, to eliminate the people of other races — though raised to unprecedented levels by the Nazis — is a familiar historical theme.在试图主宰和销毁，以消除人民的其他比赛-虽然提高到前所未有的程度由纳粹-是一个人们熟悉的历史主题。 The need to stop Hitler was absolute, and the dreadful sacrifices of the Second World War were unavoidable.必须停止希特勒是绝对的，可怕的牺牲，第二次世界大战是不可避免的。 But the First World War, which ended 90 years ago today, seemed incomprehensible.但是，第一次世界大战结束， 90年前的今天，似乎不可思议。 The class interests of the men sent to kill each other were the same.在阶级利益的男子送往互相残杀都是一样的。 While Germany was clearly the aggressor, the outlook of the opposing powers — seeking to expand their colonies and to dominate European trade was not wildly different.虽然德国显然是侵略者，前景对立的权力-寻求扩大其殖民地统治欧洲的贸易是没有什么太大的区别。 Ugly as the German state was, no one could characterize the war at its outbreak — with Tsarist Russia on the side of the Entente Powers — as a simple struggle between democracy and dictatorship.丑陋的国家是德国，没有人能描述战争的爆发-与沙俄一方的协约国-作为一个简单的斗争，民主与独裁统治。 Neither did this resemble the current war in Iraq, in which legislators send the children of another class to die.也没有这个类似于目前的伊拉克战争，其中立法会议员发送的儿童另一类死亡。 The chances of being killed were at least five times higher for men who had been students at Oxford or Cambridge in 1914 than they were for manual workers.的机会被打死至少5倍的男子谁了学生在牛津或剑桥在1914年超过他们的地盘工人。 1 1 The First World War was an act of social cannibalism, in which statesmen and generals on both sides murdered their own offspring.第一次世界大战是一种社会行为，食，其中的政治家和将军双方杀害自己的后代。 How could it have happened?怎么可能不发生？ On July 1st 1999, consumed by the urge to understand the war before the century was over, I visited Thiepval on the Somme. 7月1日1999年，消费的欲望，了解战争前的世纪已经结束，我访问了Thiepval的索姆河。 This was the anniversary of the first great attack on the German salients, which caused devastating losses for British and Irish troops.这是周年的第一个伟大的攻击德国salients ，造成毁灭性的损失，英国和爱尔兰的部队。 Men carrying flutes and dressed in orange sashes — commemorating the Ulster Division — paced about.男子携带长笛和身穿橙色的旗帜-纪念阿尔斯特司-节奏有关。 Beneath the arches of the Lutyens memorial a circle of evangelical Christians hugged and screamed and ululated, while a little boy dressed in combat gear played around their legs with a plastic machine-gun.牌楼底下的Lutyens纪念一个圆圈的福音派基督徒拥抱和尖叫， ululated ，而一个小男孩穿着打击齿轮发挥他们的腿周围的塑料机枪。 I goggled at the names on the monument — the 73,000 commemorate only the British and South Africans who fell on the Somme and whose bodies were not recovered — but I couldn’t grasp the scale of what I saw.本人在goggled上的姓名的纪念碑-纪念的7 .30万只，英国和南非落在谁的索姆河，其尸体没有恢复-但我无法掌握的规模，我所看到。 Dizzied by these conflicting sights, unable to connect, I wandered behind the old German lines and into a field of sugar beet. Dizzied这些相互矛盾的景点，无法连接，我徘徊落后的旧线和德国成为一个领域的甜菜。 Walking between the rows, trying to clear my head, I noticed a spherical pebble.散步之间的行，试图清理我的头，我发现一种球形鹅卵石。 I picked it up.我挑选了。 It was strangely heavy.这是奇怪的沉重。 Then I looked around and saw that the field was covered with the same odd little balls.然后我环顾四周，看到外地上覆盖着相同的奇数小球。 Almost every stone was in fact metal.几乎所有的石头实际上是金属。 Within a minute I picked up more grapeshot than I could hold.在一分钟我拿起更多的霰弹比我可以搁置。 I found shell casings, twisted bullets, fragments of barbed wire, chips of armor plating.我发现弹壳，子弹扭曲，片段的铁丝网，芯片装甲电镀。 I stopped, overwhelmed by shock and recognition.我停下来，淹没在震惊和承认。 It was a field of lead and steel; and every piece had been manufactured to kill someone.这是一个领域的领导和钢;及每件制成品已经杀死人。 There are plenty of words to describe the horrors of World War Two.有很多词来描述恐怖的二次世界大战。 But there were none, as far as I could discover, that captured the character of the First World War.但是，什么都没有，就我可以发现，被俘的性质第一次世界大战。 So I constructed one from the Greek word ephebos, a young man of fighting age.所以，我建一个来自希腊字ephebos ，一名年轻男子的战斗时代。 Ephebicide is the wanton mass slaughter of the young by the old. Ephebicide是肆无忌惮的大规模屠杀的年轻的老。 But how did it happen, and why?但是，它是怎么发生的，为什么？ In his fascinating book The Last Great War, published a fortnight ago, Adrian Gregory shows that the notion that Britain was carried to war on a wave of patriotic enthusiasm is false.在他迷人的书最后的伟大战争中，出版了一两星期前，阿德里安表明，格里高利的概念，英国进行战争的浪潮的爱国热情是虚假的。 2 二 The crowds that gathered around Buckingham Palace and in Downing Street when war was declared seem to have been more curious than excited.人群聚集在白金汉宫和唐宁街时，被宣布为战争似乎已不是更奇怪的兴奋。 Most people appear to have greeted the war with resignation or dismay.大多数人似乎已经迎来了战争辞职或沮丧。 Nor does voluntary enlistment provide clear evidence of enthusiasm.也不自愿入伍提供明确证据的热情。 It is true that some wanted to fight, and others saw war as a more exciting prospect that working in a dead-end office job.确实，一些想作斗争，和其他人看到战争，更令人振奋的前景，在一条死胡同办公室工作。 3 三 But Gregory shows that voluntarism wasn’t all that it seemed.但格雷戈里表明，志愿服务是不是所有的，它似乎。 For many men fighting was the only employment on offer.对于许多男人的战斗是唯一的就业机会提供。 The largest numbers volunteered not at the very beginning of war, but after the disaster at Mons on August 24th, when it became clear that there was a genuine threat to national defense.最多的自愿而不是在一开始的战争，但经过这场灾难在蒙斯的8月24日，当人们清楚地看到，有一个真正的威胁国防。 4 四 The speed with which the war began and Britain joined made effective resistance impossible to organize.加快了战争开始和英国加入了有效的抵抗组织不可能。 By the time the anti-war meetings had been called, it was too late.的时候，反战会议上已呼吁，但为时已晚。 And by then there was a genuine need to stop Germany.和当时有一个真正需要停止德国。 It was as rational to seek to curtail German expansionism in August 1914 as it was in September 1939.这是合理，力求遏制德国的扩张在1914年8月，因为它是在1939年9月。 But the narratives, like Gregory’s, which suggest that World War One was inevitable begin late in the sequence of events.但说明，像格里高利的，这表明，第二次世界大战是不可避免的一个年底开始的一系列事件。 5 五 Another anniversary, almost forgotten in this country, falls tomorrow.另一个周年之际，几乎被人遗忘在这个国家，属于明天。 On November 12th 1924, Edmund Dene Morel died.在24年十一月十二日，埃德蒙Dene毛磊死亡。 Morel had been a shipping clerk, based in Liverpool and Antwerp, who had noticed, in the late 1890s, that while ships belonging to King Leopold were returning from the Congo to Belgium full of ivory, rubber and other goods, they were departing with nothing but soldiers and ammunition.毛磊了航运办事员，总部设在利物浦和安特卫普，谁也注意到，在19世纪90年代后期，虽然船舶属于国王利奥波德返回从刚果到比利时充分的象牙，橡胶和其他物品，他们没有离开同但士兵和弹药。 He realized that Leopold’s colony must be a slave state, and launched an astonishing and ultimately successful effort to break the king’s grip.他意识到，利奥波德的殖民地必须是一个奴隶状态，并发起了一项惊人的，并最终成功地努力打破国王的抓地力。 6 6日 For a while he became a national hero.有一段时间，他成为了民族英雄。 A few years later he became a national villain.几年后他成为国家的恶棍。 During his Congo campaign, Morel had become extremely suspicious of the secret diplomacy pursued by the British foreign office.在刚果运动，毛磊已成为极其可疑的秘密外交追求的英国外交办公室。 In 1911, he showed how a secret understanding between Britain and France over the control of Morocco, followed by a campaign in the British press based on misleading foreign office briefings, had stitched up Germany and very nearly caused a European war.在1911年，他演示了如何秘密之间的了解英国和法国的控制权，摩洛哥，其次是运动在英国新闻界的基础上误导性的外交官员介绍，已经缝合了德国和几乎引起了欧洲战争。 7 7日 In February 1912 he warned that “no greater disaster could befall both peoples [Britain and Germany], and all that is most worthy of preservation in modern civilization, than a war between them.”在1912年2月他警告说， “没有更大的灾难可能降临两国人民[英国和德国] ，以及所有最值得保存的现代文明，不是他们之间的战争。 ” 8 8日 Convinced that Britain had struck a second secret agreement with France that would drag us into any war which involved Russia, he campaigned for such treaties to be made public; for recognition that Germany had been hoodwinked over Morocco and for the British government to seek to broker a reconciliation between France and Germany.深信英国一个秘密协议第二次与法国将拖累我们进入任何战争涉及俄罗斯，他竞选这样的条约，以公开;承认，德国已经蒙蔽了摩洛哥和英国政府寻求经纪人之间的和解法国和德国。 In response British ministers lied.在回答英国的部长们撒谎。 The prime minister and the foreign secretary repeatedly denied that there was any secret agreement with France.首相和外交大臣一再否认有任何秘密协议与法国。 9 9日 Only on the day before war was declared did the foreign secretary admit that a treaty had been in place since 1906.只有在战争的前一天被宣布为没有外交大臣承认，一条约已在1906年以来发生。 It ensured that Britain would have to fight from the moment Russia mobilized.它保证，英国将不得不战斗的时刻从俄罗斯动员。 Morel continued to oppose the war and became, until his dramatic rehabilitation after 1918, one of the most reviled men in Britain.莫雷尔继续反对战争，并成为，直到他康复后，戏剧性的1918年，一个最唾骂男子在英国。 Could the Great War have been averted if, in 1911, the British government had done as Morel suggested?可大战争已经避免，如果在1911年，英国政府已经为毛磊建议？ No one knows, as no such attempt was made.没有人知道，因为没有这样的尝试。 Far from seeking to broker a European peace, Britain, pursuing its self-interested diplomatic intrigues, helped to make war more likely.远东寻求促成欧洲的和平，英国，追求自我利益的外交阴谋，有助于使战争更有可能。 Germany was the aggressor; but the image of affronted virtue cultivated by Britain was a false one.德国是侵略者，但形象的affronted凭借培育的英国是一个错误之一。 Faced, earlier in the century, with the possibilities of peace, the old men of Europe had decided that they would rather kill their children than change their policies.面对早些时候，在新的世纪，随着和平的可能性，旧的欧洲男子已经决定，他们宁愿杀死他们的孩子比改变他们的政策。 Have Your Say: Lest We Forget: Could the First World War Have Been Stopped? 你说：以免我们忘记：可以第一次世界大战已停止？ Please read our请仔细阅读我们的 posting guidelines before posting张贴在发布前的指导方针 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以讨论这份报告在这里 . 。 Related News 相关新闻
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