Top Activist’s Detention Blot on Democracy最活躍的拘留污點，民主
By 通過 Praful Bidwai praful bidwai | Protests are mounting all over the world against the year-long detention of Dr. Binayak Sen, a distinguished Indian human rights and health activist, under draconian laws in the central state of Chhattisgarh. | 抗議安裝世界各地都對年之久的拘留博士比納亞克森，一位傑出的印度人權和健康活動家，下惡法，在中央國家切蒂斯格爾。
Sen, national vice president and Chhattisgarh general secretary of the well-known People’s Union of Civil Liberties (PUCL), was arrested under allegations of helping left-wing extremists, known in this country as Naxalites.有特殊教育需要的，國家副總統和切蒂斯格爾秘書長，著名的人民聯盟的公民自由（ pucl ） ，下被逮捕的指控幫助左翼極端分子，已知的在這個國家作為naxalites 。
The charges shocked human rights organisations and citizens’ groups, which on independent investigation, have found them totally fictitious.收費震驚，人權組織和公民團體，其中就獨立調查，發現他們完全是虛構的。 They believe that the Chhattisgarh government filed them to harass Sen and set a horribly negative example for all civil liberties activists and intimidate them.他們認為，切蒂斯格爾政府提交了他們的騷擾森和訂出一個可怕的反面教材，為所有公民自由的活動家和恐嚇他們。
Sen is probably India’s first human rights defender to have faced such prolonged detention.有特殊教育需要的可能是印度的第一人權衛士有面對這種長期拘留。
Sen’s detention raises serious questions about the content and quality of democracy in India, and the state’s failure to respect liberties and fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.有特殊教育需要的拘留引起了嚴重的問題，有關內容和質量，民主在印度，和國家的不尊重自由和基本權利的憲法所保障的。 It also points to links between human rights violations and the government’s social and economic policies.它也點之間的聯繫，侵犯人權和政府的社會和經濟政策。
The protestors are demanding Sen’s unconditional release, repeal of the Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act, 2005, (PSA), and the disbanding of a state-sponsored right-wing militia called Salwa Judum, which has been rampaging through the state killing and maiming people in the guise of fighting Naxalites.示威者要求有特殊教育需要的無條件釋放，廢除該切蒂斯格爾特別公共安全法， 2005年， （變壓吸附） ，並解散一個國家贊助的右翼民兵所謂salwa judum ，它已經狂暴通過國家殺戮和殘害人民的幌子戰鬥naxalites 。
On Sunday, when Sen’s detention completed one full year, poets, artists, musicians, theatre personalities, social scientists and writers, including the award-winning novelist Arundhati Roy, joined hands with social activists in 15 Indian cities, including Raipur, Sen’s hometown and Chhattisgarh’s capital.對週日，當森的拘留完成了整整一年，詩人，畫家，音樂家，戲劇人物，社會科學家和作家，包括屢獲殊榮的小說家arundhati羅伊，攜手合作，與社會活動家在15個印度城市，包括raipur ，森'的故鄉和切蒂斯格爾的資本。
As many as 48 international organisations such as Amnesty International and citizens’ groups based in the West also organised demonstrations or vigils in nine cities in the United States, including New York, Washington, San Francisco and Boston, and in London, Paris and Stockholm多達48個國際組織，例如國際特赦組織和公民團體總部設在西部地區還舉辦了示威或守夜，在9個城市在美國，包括紐約，華盛頓，舊金山和波士頓，並在倫敦，巴黎和斯德哥爾摩
Meanwhile, 22 Nobel laureates from the world over have called for Sen’s release so that he can receive in person the prestigious Jonathan Mann award for health and human rights, an “international honour that will be bestowed for the first time on a citizen of India”.與此同時， 22名諾貝爾獎獲得者，從世界各地都要求有特殊教育需要的釋放，使他能獲得在人負盛名的喬納森曼恩健康獎和人權，一個“國際榮譽，將賜予的，為第一次對一個公民印度“ 。
The award is due to be presented in two weeks by the Global Health Council (GHC), an alliance of medical organisations and professionals, in Washington, DC.該獎項是由於提交在兩週內由全球衛生理事會（ ghc ） ，結盟的醫療機構和專業人士，在華盛頓特區。
In a letter to India’s President Pratibha Patil, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Raman Singh, the Nobel Prize winners have expressed “grave concern that Dr Sen appears to be incarcerated solely for peacefully exercising his fundamental right, in contravention of Articles 19 (freedom of opinion and ex-pression) and 22 (freedom of association) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, which India has signed.在一封信中向印度總統pratibha帕蒂爾，印度總理曼莫漢辛格和恰蒂斯加爾邦首席部長拉曼辛格，諾貝爾獎得主都表示“嚴重關切Sen博士似乎是被監禁的純粹為和平行使其基本權利，這違反了文章19 （見解和言論自由當然pression ）和第22條（結社自由）的國際公約對公民權利和政治權利“ ，印度已簽署。
The letter also says that the two internal security laws under which Sen was charged, the PSA and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 2004, “do not comport with international human rights standards”.信中還說，兩國的內部安全法下，森被控， PSA和非法活動（預防）法2004年， “不要comport符合國際人權標準” 。
The PSA criminalises even peaceful activity and protest, by declaring it “a danger or menace to public order, peace and tranquillity”, because it might interfere with or “tends to interfere with the maintenance of public order… the administration of law or its… institutions”, and encourages or preaches “disobedience to established law and its institutions.”前列腺特異抗原為刑事罪，甚至和平的活動和抗議，宣稱這是“一個危險或威脅到公眾秩序，和平與安寧” ，因為它可能會干擾或“往往干預與維護公共秩序…政府當局的法律或其…機構“ ，並鼓勵或宣揚”抗命既定的法律和機構“ 。
Under these laws, Sen can be awarded the death penalty or life imprisonment.根據這些法律，有特殊教育需要的可以獲死刑或終身監禁。 Among the charges he faces are being a member of a terrorist gang or organisation, knowingly holding the proceeds of terrorism, sedition, abetting unlawful activity, undermining public safety, and conspiracy to wage war against the state.其中他所面對的控正的成員，一恐怖團伙或組織，明知持有的收益恐怖主義，煽動，教唆他人非法活動，破壞了公眾安全，和陰謀發動戰爭的國家。
These charges hinge on one allegation by the police: namely, that Sen visited a detained and ailing Naxalite leader, Narayan Sanyal, in Raipur prison 33 times, and allegedly passed notes from him to his collaborators outside jail through a Kolkata-based businessman, Piyush Guha.這些收費，取決於對一項指控是由警方：即，有特殊教育需要的參觀了拘留和疲弱的naxalite領導人，納拉揚桑亞爾，在raipur監獄的33倍，據稱是通過注意到他他的合作者以外的監獄，透過加爾各答為基礎的商人， piyush學者古哈。
But Guha has denied that he received any letter from Sanyal, and said and that he signed a false confession under duress.但學者古哈已否認他收到任何信從桑亞爾，並表示和他簽署了一份虛假的供認在脅迫下。 During the trial, which began after long delays on April 30, key witnesses failed to corroborate the police version or turned hostile.在審訊過程中，開始的，經過長期的拖延，於4月30日，關鍵證人並沒有佐證，警方的版本，或交給敵對。
“As for the numerous visits to meet Sanyal, that cannot be a charge at all,” says Prashant Bhushan, a public interest lawyer based in Delhi. “對於多次訪問，以滿足桑亞爾，這是不能收費，所有的，說： ” prashant bhushan ，公眾利益的律師，總部設在新德里舉行。 “It was entirely in Sen’s line of work both as a civil rights defender and a physician. “這是完全在森的路線的工作既作為公民權利的捍衛者和一名醫生。 Besides, the visits were not surreptitious or illegal.此外，訪問不是秘密或非法的。 They took place with the permission of and under the supervision of the jail authorities”.他們發生與許可和監督下，監獄當局“ 。
During a visit paid to Sen last September in the same prison IPS found it impossible — given the small size of the room and the eagle eyes of the officials — to smuggle out a piece of paper.訪問期間，支付給森去年9月在同一個監獄的IPS發現它是不可能的-由於規模小，房間和鷹的眼中，官員-偷運出一張紙。 All conversation is audible to the wardens.所有的會話發聲，向督導員。
Kavita Srivastava, Jaipur-based national general secretary of PUCL, holds that Sen was singled out by the Chhattisgarh government partly because he was trying to expose the brutality and outright criminality of the vigilante Salwa Judum group, armed and trained by the state. kavita要比，齋浦爾-基於國家秘書長pucl ，認為有特殊教育需要的是挑出由切蒂斯格爾政府，部分原因是他試圖揭露的殘酷性和買斷犯罪的治安salwa judum組，武裝和訓練由國家負擔。
Salwa Judum has perpetrated gruesome atrocities against ordinary citizens, besides Naxalites and their suspected sympathisers. salwa judum已犯下的令人髮指的暴行，對普通公民，除了naxalites和他們的同情者的懷疑。 It has burned down entire villages in Chhattisgarh’s dirt-poor southern districts, populated by acutely disadvantaged Adivasis or indigenous tribals.它已被燒毀，整個村莊在切蒂斯格爾的污垢窮人的南部地區，人口由敏銳的弱勢Adivasis人或土著部落。
The militia’s campaign of violence has turned nearly 100,000 people into refugees.民兵的暴力活動，使近十萬人成為難民。 But both the Chhattisgarh the central government continue to shield, support, finance and encourage it.但雙方切蒂斯格爾中央的政府，繼續掩護，支持，資助和鼓勵它。
They recently told India’s Supreme Court that Salwa Judum is the only means available to them to counter Naxalite violence.他們最近向印度的最高法院salwa judum是唯一可利用的手段來對付他們naxalite暴力。 The court has not yet pronounced judgement on a public interest petition filed by reputed academics demanding the disbanding of the militia.法院尚未宣布判決對公眾利益遞交請願書，由著名學者，要求解散民兵。
Recently, Manmohan Singh described left-wing extremism as “the greatest internal security threat” facing India and promised to crush it.最近，辛格形容左翼極端主義作為“最大的內部安全威脅” ，面對印度和承諾，粉碎它。 He said his government would not rest until the virus of Naxalism is eliminated.他說，他的政府不會休息，直到病毒naxalism是淘汰。
His government pledged to spend over 750 million US dollars on fighting it.他的政府承諾動用超過七點五億美元關於打擊。 But its efforts have failed to contain the movement.但其努力未能奏效，以控制運動。 Over the past two years, more people have been killed in Naxalite-related violence, including police counter-violence, than in Kashmir or India’s turbulent Northeast.在過去兩年，越來越多的人已被殺害在naxalite有關的暴力行為，包括警方反暴力，比在克什米爾或印度動盪的東北部。
Chhattisgarh is the worst example of the failure of the state’s strategy of combating left-extremism exclusively by unleashing state repression against unarmed civilians.切蒂斯格爾是最壞的例子，失敗的國家的戰略打擊左極端主義完全由國家發動鎮壓手無寸鐵的平民。
Sen was trained as a paediatrician at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, and has devoted most of adult life to improving the health and living conditions of the very poor in the Adivasi districts of Chhattisgarh, besides defending the civil liberties of wretchedly poor and exploited people.有特殊教育需要的是訓練有素的作為一個兒科醫生在基督教醫學院在vellore ，泰米爾納德邦，並已投入大部分的成年生活，以改善健康和生活條件極差，在Adivasi人地區切蒂斯格爾，除了捍衛公民自由的wretchedly窮人和剝削的人民。
Sen’s organisation, ‘Rupantar’, has run a clinic for 10 years in Dhamtari district.有特殊教育需要的組織， ' rupantar ' ，已跑到一間診所，為10年，在特姆德里區。 He has done exemplary voluntary work in the Gandhian mould in providing primary and preventive healthcare to people long deprived of access to any health facilities, especially from the state.他的所作所為，模範志願工作，在gandhian模具在提供初級和預防保健的人長期被剝奪了獲得任何衛生設施，特別是從國家。
There are no medical personnel in the area, often not even a chemist within a 30-kilometre distance.有沒有醫務人員在該地區，往往甚至不是一個化學家在一個30公里的距離。 Even in emergencies, the public is forced to depend on quacks, and corrupt, apathetic, incompetent, and usually missing, government employees.甚至在緊急情況下，市民是被迫依賴於quacks ，腐敗，漠不關心，不稱職的，而且通常人失踪，政府僱員。
Rupantar’s clinic offers a range of services at nominal cost, including rapid testing for the deadly Falciparum strain of the malaria parasite, which has saved scores of lives. rupantar的診所提供了一系列服務，以象徵式的費用，包括快速檢測致命的惡性瘧原蟲株的瘧疾寄生蟲，挽救了數十人的生命。 These services are provided through local “barefoot doctors”, who give the public invaluable advice on nutrition and preventive medicine.提供這些服務通過當地的“赤腳醫生” ，誰給市民的寶貴意見，對營養和預防醫學。
Sen appears to have been victimised precisely because he formed a bridge between the human rights movement and other civil society organisations, and created a forum of empowerment for Chhattisgarh’s disadvantaged people.森似乎已經被騙，正是因為他形成了之間的橋樑，人權運動和其他民間社會團體，創造了論壇的權力為切蒂斯格爾的弱勢人民。
The state government, whose very existence is premised upon the rapacious exploitation of the indigenous Adivasis and the staggering natural wealth of Chhattisgarh –and whose primary function is to subserve big business, forest contractors and traders — is loath to tolerate such individuals.州政府，其存在的前提貪婪剝削土著Adivasis人，以及驚人的自然財富切蒂斯格爾和其主要職能是subserve大生意，森林承辦商和貿易商-是不願意容忍這種個人。
Chhattisgarh has an egregious recent history of repression.切蒂斯格爾有一個令人震驚的最近歷史上的鎮壓。 One of India’s most creative trade unionists, Shankar Guha Niyogi, who ignited a mass awakening on social, cultural and economic issues, was assassinated at the behest of the state’s powerful and politically well-connected industrialists in 1991.一對印度的最富有創造性的工會，尚學者古哈niyogi ，誰點燃了群眾的覺醒對社會，文化和經濟問題，被暗殺的遺志，在該國的強大和政治，以及連通工業界在1991年。 They still roam free.他們仍然漫遊費用全免。
Chhattisgarh has among India’s worst indices of wealth maldistribution and income inequality.切蒂斯格爾已印度之間最嚴重的指數財富分配不均和收入不平等。 Some of its rural regions present a dismal picture of malnutrition, starvation deaths, illiteracy, and severe scarcity of safe drinking water.它的一些農村地區，目前令人沮喪的圖片營養不良，飢餓，死亡，文盲，和嚴重缺乏安全的飲用水。 Some have suffered a rise in infant mortality.有些人遭受了上升，嬰兒死亡率。
The literacy rate among tribals here is less than one-third the national average –just 30 percent for men and 13 percent for women.識字率部落在這裡是不少於三分一的全國平均水平，只需30 ％的男性和13 ％為女性。 Of the 1,220 villages of one district (Dantewada), 214 have no primary school..對1220年村一區（ dantewada ） ， 214沒有小學..
But the state’s cities are booming with ostentatious affluence, spanking new hotels and glittering shopping malls.但國家的城市蓬勃發展與炫耀富裕， spanking新酒店閃閃發光的商場。
The difference in life-expectancy between an advanced state like Kerala and tribal Chhattisgarh is a shocking 18 years.差別在生命的預期之間的一個先進國家一樣，喀拉拉邦和部落切蒂斯格爾是一個令人震驚的18歲。 The two regions could well belong to different continents like Europe and Africa.這兩個地區可能屬於不同的大洲一樣，歐洲和非洲。
Chhattisgarh is extraordinarily rich in forests and in mineral wealth, including high-quality iron ore, bauxite, dolomite, quartzite, granite, corundum, precious stones, gold, diamonds and tin ore, besides limestone and coal.切蒂斯格爾是非常豐富的森林和礦產財富，包括高品質的鐵礦石，鋁土礦，白雲巖，石英岩，花崗岩，剛玉，寶石，黃金，鑽石和錫礦，除石灰石和煤。
This wealth has been voraciously extracted.這財富已voraciously提取。 But it has produced virtually no gains for the local population.但它產生的收益，幾乎沒有為當地居民。
“Naxalism has thrived in Chhattisgarh as a response, albeit an irrational and violent one, to this obnoxious system of exploitation, dispossession and outright loot,” says Rajiv Bharagava, a political scientist at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies. “ naxalism繁榮興旺在切蒂斯格爾作為回應，儘管非理性和暴力的一個，這個令人厭惡的剝削制度，佔有權和買斷哄搶，說： ”拉吉夫bharagava ，一個政治科學家在研究中心的發展中社會。 “In Chhattisgarh, the state has collapsed as a provider of public services and a relatively impartial guardian of the law. “在切蒂斯格爾，國家已經崩潰，作為一個提供公共服務和一個相對公正的守護者的法律。 The Naxalites flourish because the state has failed.”該naxalites蓬勃發展，因為國家已經失敗“ 。
“This is a terrible comment on India’s democracy,” adds Bhargava. “這是一個可怕的評論對印度的民主，補充說： ” bhargava 。 ”Democracy isn’t only about elections. “民主不僅是選舉。 Unless it has accountable institutions and a system of rights, it loses much of its meaning.”除非它負責機構和制度的權利，什麼時候就會失去其大部分的意義“ 。
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