‘Truthers’ blame US and Britain for the Holocaust ' truthers '歸咎於美國和英國為納粹大屠殺
Wednesday, April 16th, 2008 週三， 2008年4月16日In Salman Rushdie’s soon-to-be-published novel, The Enchantress of Florence, one of the characters is Niccolò Machiavelli, the original dark prince of power politics.在拉什迪的快將出版的小說，老婦人的佛羅倫薩，一個角色是niccolò馬基雅維，原來黑暗王子的強權政治。 Il Machia, as he is called, is portrayed as a committed opponent of the obvious.白細胞介素瑪家，因為他是所謂的，是描繪成一個堅定的反對者是顯而易見的事實。 ‘He believed in… hidden truth the way other men believed in God or love, believed that truth was in fact always hidden, that the apparent, the overt, was invariably a kind of lie.’ '他認為，在…隱藏真相，像其他男人相信上帝或愛情，相信真理是在實際上始終隱藏的，那顯然，顯性，總是一種謊言。
No doubt all of us have come across individuals with what might politely be termed an ultra-sceptical outlook.毫無疑問，我們都接觸過個人有什麼可能有禮貌地被稱為一個超前景抱懷疑態度。 The kind of people who use phrases like ‘the powers that be’ without a sniff of irony.什麼樣的人使用短語，例如'權力'無聞的諷刺。 Certainty, not doubt, is actually their defining trait, their sure knowledge that the mysterious, omniscient ‘they’ are always responsible.確定性，不要懷疑，其實，他們的信條特質，他們肯定知道這些神秘的，無所不知'他們'是永遠負責。 Left to its own devices, this sort of mentality can appear almost charmingly eccentric.任其自生自滅，這樣的心態可以出現幾乎特色，古怪的人。 But two developments have in recent years helped turn an essentially harmless sensibility into something approaching a sinister ideology.但有兩個發展中，近年來，相繼幫助把基本上無害的學問就變成接近一個險惡的思想。
The first was the postmodern assault on the notion of objective truth that found academic favour in the 1980s and 1990s.第一個問題是後現代攻擊的概念是客觀真理，發現學術贊成在20世紀80年代和90年代。 A generation of humanities and social sciences students went through the theory mill and learned that reality is simply a cultural construction, a media confection.一整代的人文和社會科學的學生，經歷了理論軋機和了解，現實情況是單純的文化建設，媒體蜜餞。 As very few academics, let alone undergraduates, ever ‘got’ deconstructionism, a bite-sized variety gained popularity: ‘problematising’.因為很少有學者，更遑論大學生，任何時候都得到了'解構，一口大小品種積累人氣： ' problematising ' 。
This simplification encouraged the belief that, as George Walden once put it, the exception no longer proves the rule, it is the rule.這項簡化措施鼓勵信仰，正如喬治瓦爾登一旦付諸表決，除不再證明規則，它是統治。 If you could ‘problematise’ a single stress point of contention, then the whole narrative of objectivity would collapse.如果你能' problematise '一個單一的應力爭論點，則整個敘事的客觀性將會崩潰。
The second development was the internet, which, for all its manifold benefits, has also helped flatten the hierarchy of evidential truth into one vast mass of competing perceptions.第二個發展是因特網，其中，對所有其多方面的好處，也有助於扁平層次的證據真理成為一個廣大的競爭觀念。 Out there on the limitless vistas of the web, empirical fact and wild rumour often appear to share equal billing.列有關於無限前景不上網，經驗事實和野生傳聞常常出現，以同樣的帳單。
Put these two trends together, add a widespread suspicion of Western governments and a growing boredom with liberal democracy, and you get the ideal conditions for what amounts to intellectual nihilism.提出這兩種傾向在一起，放入一個普遍的懷疑西方國家政府和越來越苦悶與自由民主的，你會得到理想的情況下，為什麼才構成智力虛無主義。 Perhaps the most egregious example of this mushrooming cult are the 9/11 ‘Truthers’, that barmy army of opinion which holds that the official version of events leading up to that day is a government conspiracy.或許最令人震驚的例子，這個邪教組織雨後春筍般蓬勃發展，是9 / 11 ' truthers ' ，即發酵軍隊的見解，認為自己的官方版本的事件導致了這一天的來臨是一個政府的陰謀。
The Truthers pride themselves on merely asking rather than answering questions.該truthers自豪感本身就只是詢問，而不是解答問題。 To which end, they ignore everything that supports the accepted version and concentrate on what they claim are its weak points - for example, the rapid collapse of the towers - to cast doubt on the overall story.而最終，他們不理會一切，支持接納版本，並專注於他們聲稱是它的薄弱點-例如，迅速崩潰的水塔-質疑對整體的故事。 Thus the exception becomes the rule.因此，除了成為該細則。
But in fact the Truthers play host to various counterfactual theories - some of the more restrained hypotheses propose that it was an inside job, the planes were not passenger jets, and the Pentagon was not hit by a plane.但事實上truthers舉辦各種違背事實的理論-其中一些較為克制的假說提出它是一個內部工作，這些飛機已不是客機，與國防部之間沒有擊中飛機。
At the impressionable end of the scale, where rank naivety and fashionable cynicism merge, Charlie Sheen has promoted such theories and the Oscar-winning French actress Marion Cotillard has suggested that the destruction of the World Trade Centre was a ‘money-sucker’ designed to avoid the cost of rewiring the towers.在impressionable年底的規模，而職級的幼稚和時髦的犬儒主義合併，查理辛促進了這種理論和獲奧斯卡獎的法國女演員馬里恩cotillard建議，摧毀世界貿易中心是一個'錢-吸盤設計，以避免成本重裝電線塔。 At the (only slightly) more sophisticated end, writers like Gore Vidal, and the Labour MP Michael Meacher, have speculated that some within the US administration may have had cause to turn a blind eye to the hijackers.在（只略高於）更精密年底，作家一樣，戈爾維達爾及勞工國會議員邁克爾米徹，有猜測，有些在美國政府可能不得不事業卻視而不見，劫持者。
But it’s one thing to blame America for the attack on America.但它的一件事歸咎於美國的這次襲擊是對美國。 That’s hardly radical.說的，難以根治。 No, if you really want to lay waste to the notion of historical truth and the fundamental principles on which Western democratic society is based, then you need to go one step further.不，如果你真的想打好的廢物的概念歷史真相和基本原則，對西方民主社會的基礎，那麼，你需要多走一步。 You need to blame America for the attack on Nazi Germany.你必須歸咎於美國的這次襲擊是對納粹德國。
Even within the liberal arts world, where America has long been a byword for injustice, bellicosity and corruption, Nazi Germany has remained the ultimate example of evil.即使是文科的世界中，美國長久以來一直是代名詞，為正義，好鬥和腐敗現象，納粹德國至今仍是終極的例子，邪惡。 And that presents a philosophical problem for the most zealous Bush-haters within the arts.那是一個哲學問題為最熱心的布什- haters與藝術。 If America helped stop a more depraved regime once, is it not at least theoretically possible that it could do the same again?如果美國幫助制止更腐化政權的一次，是不是至少在理論上是可能的，它可以這樣做，同時又？
The common answer is to point out that Iraq and Afghanistan were hardly superpowers bent on global domination.共同的答案是指出，伊拉克和阿富汗幾乎超級大國執意要統治全球。 The drawback to that response is that it’sa limited, pragmatic position - a politician’s argument - that lacks the kind of moral righteousness that appeals to a certain artistic imagination.缺點：這種回應是，它是有限的，務實的立場-以一個政治家的論點-即缺乏一種道德正義上訴到某一個藝術想像。
The bold solution, then, is to reposition Nazi Germany as the victim, and America (and Britain) as the aggressors.大膽的解決方案，那麼，是復位納粹德國，作為受害者，美國（和英國）視為侵略者。 This, in essence, is the job the novelist Nicholson Baker appears to have taken on in his new non-fiction book Human Smoke.這在本質上，是職業小說家尼科爾森貝克似乎已經採取了在其新的非小說書人的煙霧。 Baker, who in his novel The Fermata explored the erotics of excreting, seems here to immerse himself in its politics.貝克，他在其小說< fermata探索erotics的排泄，似乎這裡沉浸在自己的政治。 He is the outrider for paranoid revisionism.他是outrider為偏執修正主義。
According to Adam Kirsch, writing in the New York Sun, Baker sets out to ‘convince the reader that America should not have fought Germany or Japan; that Franklin Roosevelt connived to get us into the war at the behest of the arms manufacturers, and probably knew about the bombing of Pearl Harbor in advance; that Winston Churchill was a proto-fascist; that in Japan’s invasion of China, China was the aggressor; that after the fall of France, Churchill was culpable in vowing to fight on, and not acceding to Hitler’s “peace” terms; that the Holocaust was, at least in part, Hitler’s response to British aggression, and that the only people who demonstrated true wisdom in the run-up to the war were American and British pacifists.’據亞當基爾希，寫在紐約太陽報，貝克列出，以'說服讀者說，美國不應該去爭取德國或日本;羅斯福縱容，讓我們帶入戰爭的遺志，軍火製造商，並可能知道轟炸珍珠港提前;邱吉爾是一個原型法西斯;的是，在日本入侵中國，中國是侵略者;淪陷後，法國，邱吉爾是應受譴責在誓言要繼續奮鬥，沒有加入希特勒的"和平"條件，即大屠殺，至少有一部分是，希特勒的回應美英侵略，並認為只有人表現出真正的智慧，在邁向了向戰爭中，美國和英國的和平主義者。
Again, Baker’s method, according to Kirsch, is to ignore the overwhelming wealth of material that contradicts the above claims and to focus on any seeming anomalies or exceptions that support his case, no matter what the source.再次，貝克的方法，根據基爾希，則是忽略了壓倒性的物質財富這違背了上述債權及向側重於任何表面的異常或例外表示支持他的情況下，不管遇到什麼樣的來源。 So, for example, in seeking to offload at least some of the blame for the Holocaust on to the British, Baker cites the mayor of Hanover’s reason for deporting Jews to the East, namely that the British bombing campaign had created a housing shortage.因此，舉例來說，在尋求卸載至少部分歸咎於大屠殺就向英國，貝克舉市長漢諾威的理由驅逐猶太人的東部地區，即英國的爆炸活動，造成了住房短缺問題。
There is much to be said against the British bombing of German cities, and indeed much has been said and written of a critical nature.有很多地方是值得說，對美英轟炸的德國城市，而事實上已說了很多，並以書面的一個關鍵性質。 But it can never be argued that it precipitated the Holocaust, quite simply because it did not, as any self-respecting historian would confirm, supported by a mountain of empirical evidence.但不能說，它沉澱的大屠殺，很簡單，因為它沒有，因為任何自我尊重的歷史學家會確認，並輔之以山區的實證。
It’s essential for healthy intellectual debate that conventional wisdom is challenged.它的必不可少的健康智力辯論中，傳統智慧挑戰。 However, that requires an engagement with reality, not its negation.不過，這需要一個接觸現實，而不是它的否定。 The mentality that sees 9/11 and 7/7 as government conspiracies, and the Second World War as a singular tale of Allied guilt, refuses to see what’s staring it in the face, so has no choice but to search for buried clues.心態處處是9 / 11和7 / 7作為政府陰謀，並在第二次世界大戰作為一個奇異的故事，專職內疚，不肯見什麼的凝視它在面對，所以別無選擇，只能去尋找埋藏線索。 Sometimes, though, the apparent is true because the only thing hidden is lies.有時候，雖然，顯然是正確的，因為唯一隱患是謊言。
See More: 看更多： History 歷史Share Your Thoughts on ‘Truthers’ blame US and Britain for the HolocaustPlease note, not all comments will be published.分享你的想法就' truthers '歸咎於美國和英國為holocaustplease注意到，並非所有意見將予以公佈。 '
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